Can This Bookstore Be Saved Essay Example for Free

Can This Bookstore Be Saved EssayThe internet has brought an end to most brick and mortar locations of book stores and gestate changed the ways that book publishers market and sell their books. Publishers had to change the way they eitherocate printed books as well as beginning to release books as apps in pitch to change the ways that books are sold and open up to a wider audience. Paper books would create a bigger profit but do non sell as well as e-books. Book stores either had to adapt to the change or ultimately meet their end. Book stores had to reach to selling e-books and e- considerers in order to maintain their sales.BN as well as book publishers are changing their business seat to deal with the internet and e-book technology by increase the features which they offer to their clientele. They are constantly upgrading the r-readers they provide and increasing the functionality of their e-books. Also they are looking to cater to the college student for their text book needs. 3. Yes BNs new dodge will be successful. I feel that their new strategy will be successful because they are not appealing to more people oddly college students that will repeatedly need to purchase or rent textbooks.As with new features they allow people to do more things even though few people may never use them the younger demographic would more than likely be drawn to those new features. 4. I feel that BN and publishers should be braggart(a) people more of a preview of the books to stimulate more business. With e-books it is harder to just impulse buy one because you cannot hold the book in your hand and read a few pages to see if you have a true feel for the book.The weaknesses within Facebooks privacy policies and features are the fact they want you to share as more than information as possible but they make your information openly readily available to anyone if you do not know how to go through all of Facebooks settings. They do not automatically protect your accou nt and do not easily give you the information to do so. The factors that contribute to those weaknesses is the lack of information granted to consumers, they do not tell you how your information will be used, the difficulty involved with updating how your information is shared and the fact they do not get your permission for images.The way in which Facebook currently conducts business I do not think they can have a successful business model without invading privacy. I feel like they make the most of their business exploiting peoples privacy and their lack of knowledge with how to change their privacy settings. The alone way I feel that they can make it successful would be to educating the people that use facebook to take the proper measures to make sure their information is not shared without their approval.

Factors Making Small Communities in Pakistan More Vulnerable to Disasters Essay Example for Free

Factors Making Small Communities in Pakistan More Vulnerable to Disasters EssayThere is no genius definition or explanation of a tragedy, as a matter of fact in this modern age of science and technology one could forebode the time and place and estimate the damage when a misadventure would hit a certain atomic number 18a however only an estimate could be make about the outcome of the dreadful event still all the catastrophes could not be forecasted.This prediction likewise has difference in opinion when it comes to interpret the disaster economists may measure it by calculating the loss of assets, health workers superpower talk of diseases that might spread after the event, political view might be setting institutions to deal with the event and social view might involve the effects on the society. Pakistan has been at risk to many natural and manmade disasters in the past. record states various events when cyclones, flooding, drought, landslides and earth quakes have hi t the country. The country is excessively believed to be one of the virtually flood prone terrains in South Asia.The floods of 1950, 1992 and 1998 and 2011 have interpreted various lives and made severe damage to property and assets. Pakistan is also located at seismically active zone making the sphere vulnerable to extreme consequences. This picture was proven on October 2005 when an earthquake measuring 7. 6 on the rector scale had hit 9 districts in Kheyber Pakhtunkhuwa and Azad Jammu Kashmir killing everyplace 72,000 people and destroying over 4,00,000 houses. Pakistan being an agriculture based country also has fear of droughts. The droughts of 2002 had cost an estimated amount of 2. 5 billion $.Pakistan does not have a lot of describe cyclone hit incidents to stat yet till now roughly fourteen cyclones have been recorded since 1971-2012 which also had damages in a notable amount. When a disaster strikes whatsoever area it does not spare any in its way but the most pron e and effected people are the ones who belong to miniature communities. Their segregation and exclusion in to bittie communities might be due to the false and holistic systems inclose in our social circles bases on ethnic, religious or class based values in the current society. Further on these segregated segments are marked as inadequate or minorities.However these tenuouser communities are most vulnerable when a disaster strikes. The level of their picture increases in the post disaster scenario. There are many cistrons behind the vulnerability which have horrific outcomes for these small communities as a settlement. I would like to discuss on a few factors which in my view point are the important factors and causes of the increased vulnerability of these small communities. Poverty is one of the most fundamental causes which results in increased level of vulnerability of small communities. Their lack of entranceway to resources perishs to the lack of capacity in dealing with a disaster.An estimate made in 2005 states that around 22. 6% of the total population lives under the poverty bill in the country, further on 40% of the total urban population lives in slums. The economic situation in the country is not very invariable and due to this inflation is widespread in the country leading to income volatility. In circumstances where poverty is present in the society at such a high scale, it gets difficult to make ends meet, fighting against a disaster is a question that does not even comes in to the context. Poor construction practices also result in the increase in the vulnerability of the small communities.Due to poverty still in many villages people build their houses out of mud. This is not a strong grammatical construction. At the time of a disastrous event such structures can prove not to be very resistant. also in urban areas as mentioned above a large number of people live in slums which are again not a very resilient structure in case of disasters. There are no proper code and conducts devised by the government authorities to tackle with this issue. Such conditions increase the vulnerability of the small groups present in Pakistan. Weak early warning system is a problem present in many growth countries.Pakistan being a developing country also has this problem where due to the lack of resources and technology many disasters cannot be predicted on time. Due to this it gets hard to estimate the damage level and the enthusiasm of the disaster beforehand. It also gets hard to make a relief plan or mitigation strategies to minimize the effects of the disaster. Remoteness and isolation is another factor which is caused by the cultural and social barriers due to which majority of the small communities are effected as they are segregated and isolated from the society.Remoteness can be taken in to two different means one is the social exclusion factor the other can be the nature of their inhabitant area which might geograph ically be landlocked by nature. In either ways their isolation can be a factor that can lead small communities in to a more vulnerable situation. Infrastructure can also play a role in increasing the vulnerability of small communities. If we take the area of Southern Punjab as in example the area consists of the rural side of the country and agriculture is their main source of employment, the place also has a history of floods related disasters in the past.Due to lack of proper roads etc it might get hard for people to evacuate even if the disaster as been predicted beforehand. The people from strong communities have means of transportation by which they can get to safety with ease on the other hand the poor and small communities dont get a chance to evacuate from the danger zone. Awareness programs and education about strategies to counter disasters is a phenomenon which is not present in the current society. The floods of 2012 could be held in account as evidence of this acquisiti on as many of the rural poor were displaced as majority of their assets were finished and many lives lost.If people were given proper education about strategies to deal with the disaster as it was an area with high risk the amount of loss might have been reduced. Lack of community participation is also an important factor as due to exclusion, factions are produced in the society due to barriers they do not tend to interact with the weaker segments of the society. Their lack of communication and participation creates a divide and due to which the vulnerability is increased in the smaller communities at the time of crisis. hold capacity and coordination between various governmental and nongovernmental agencies.This might occur due to the meager means of resistance available or mismanagement on behalf of the agencies. decadence also has a role to play in this situation where the rights of the small communities are usurped by the larger or more power full factions of the society. Thi s decadency could give rise to mistrust between the state and non state actors trying to fight against the disaster. As they dont unite therefore their power is also diminished. Religious/Ethnic biases can also lead to disasters as small minorities are at stake. Due to quarrels and other means of violence threat to their assets and lives increases their vulnerability.Similarly in civil conflicts the small and less powerful communities are the ones which are at the high risk level due to their openness to danger. Rapid urbanisation as societies become more and more modern day by day the process of urbanization also increases. In search of reaching to an industrial society as it brings more and more recourses to increase the level and quality of life it also brings along some negative aspects out of which greed is most prominent. Today man has become so greedy that it does not care that what effects his voyage to success might have on others.Rapid industrialization is also having it s negative effects on the environment which will eventually lead to severe consequences as global warming. At the same time rapid urbanization means the extinction of forests and other natural resources. As majority of the small communities cannot afford to live at the core hence the are pushed to the outermost circle of the area where there might be a non availability of basic necessities of lives leading to various epidemics for example due to lack of sanitation facilities or making them live in to disaster prone areas due to deforestation leading to earth quakes, landslides and floods.To conclude I would state that the above mentioned factors are some of many which evolve in our social system. What so ever is the cause of the disaster event either it is manmade, natural in nature it is the small communities which are affected the most. Social, political, armed conflicts, hazards all in total increase the vulnerability of small communities. Steps are to be taken in to account to obliterate this in justice from our society as this may lead to social unrest or may have even more bizarre outcomes on the community as a whole.

Military Discipline Essay Example for Free

Military Discipline EssayBring out uniformity in cooperating for the attainment of a common goal. This uniformity is obtained when an individual understands how to fit into an medicinal drugal arrangement as a whole. To understand champion another through the sharing of common goals. To ensure effectively of a group not only for contract purposes but also for emergencies.To install responses automatically without panic in an emergency.D. Principles of Effective DisciplineMen fell wore secure if they knew that reward and punishment come to them because of demeanor and not because of an officers word, mood or preference. An officer must be loyal to his men and worthy, takes an interest in them and makes sure they are granted rights and privileges.An officer commands publicly and reproves and reprimand privately. He gains the confidence of his men and is worthy of it.An officer/leader must set an example.E. Military Courtesy it is the accepted form of politeness in the milita ry service. The foremost of this special form of courtesy is the plight. It is the expression or manifestation of consideration for others.F. Whom to SaluteCommissioned officers of the AFP, National Flag, Colors, and standard not cased. Officers of conflicting Armed Forces whose government is recognized by the republic of the Philippines.All civilians who are entitled by the custom to the salute.G. Proper Manner of SalutingExcept when walking one should always be at attention when saluting. The right glide by is raised smartly until the tip of the forefinger touches the lower part of the headgear or forehead and slightly to the right eye.Thumb and finger are extended and joined. The palm is turned slightly in front of the body. The forearm is inclined at 45 degrees angle and the hand and wrist are in straight line. The first position of the hand salute or the nearest point of approach is to a greater extent or less six paces. The first position of the salute should be held until the person saluted to have passed or the salute is returned.The hand salute under the oceanic custom is accompanied by a word of greeting such as good morning, Sir/Maam depending on the time of day.Naval custom permits saluting with left hand when a salute cannot be rendered by the right hand.H. Major Fault in SalutingBowing the head as the salute is given.Dropping the hand salute forwards it has been returned.Holding the hand awkwardly high or letting it sag too low.Saluting while on the double time.Avoiding the gaze of the person saluted to.Saluting with a pipe, cigar, or cigarette in the mouth or in hand.I. Honors to the Colors and AnthemWhenever the National Anthem is played and you are not on composition and not in a vehicle, come to attention and at the first note, face the flag and render the prescribed salute. If no flag is nearer, face the music and salute.Vehicles in motion are brought to halt. Troop formations, riding in vehicles do not disembark. If outdoors and unco vered, attend at attention and face the flag. If indoor, officers and enlisted men result stand at attention. The passing of being passed by an uncased color, which is being paraded, presented or in its own formal display, a salute at six paces before and until it has passed you. In uncovered, stand at attention when passing by uncased color. The marks of respect above are also rendered to the national anthem of any brotherly country when played upon an official occasion.Discipline1. Training to act in accordance with rules drill. 2. Activity, exercise, or a regimen that develops or improves a skill formulation 3. Punishment inflicted by way of correction and training. 4. The rigor or training effect of experience, adversity 5. Behavior in accord with rules of conduct behavior and rig maintained by training and control

Review of Copper Recovery Methods From Metallurgical Waste

Review of Copper recovery Methods From Met altogetherurgical WasteApurva Patel, Prof. Nimish ShahAbstract Copper is one of the just about utilise metals in recent developments and motivation of this red metal is increasing with passing of each day. Production of pig bed is 12 million tons per year and papal bull reserves atomic human action 18 expected to run for 25 years with the estimated world bull reserves of 300 million tons. convalescence of squealer from metallurgical forsake is a tr rest that is being followed from beginning of industrial age and has many developments over a large time frame. Out of all the sloven use in existing process, 2 million tons of pig bed is utilized with cycle of horseshit use. India has limited crap ore reserve contributing approximately 2 percent of world reserves. We can say that copper has a large amount at our reserves but excavation is not as straightforward as it seems. Copper content in the raw mines is ranging from 0.5 to 1 percent. Even after recovery of copper there is large permissive idle generated at the end of the process. Copper content in the waste is up to 0.3 percent at the discharge. Ultimately around hundred times of waste is generated for recovery of one wear of copper. That pushes forward the need of recycling copper from metallurgical waste to cater the need of increasing copper demand. Copper recovery from spunky copper containing metallurgical wastes like springation industries are generally dealt with smelting process. In such(prenominal) case large amount of energy is utilized to just melt down all the material. This process has a limitation of copper content i.e. if copper content is low then all the energy is utilized in melting of unwanted material. Demand for electroplating of copper has increased significantly. Low efficiency or improper process handling causes remarkably high copper content in waste discharge, which is over the range of discharge criteria of heavy m etals. So to control the increasing price of metals and to limit the use of fresh copper, recycling must be make so the recovery from waste also gives the advantage of being in range of the allowable government legislations. Though these hazardous heavy metals in electroplating waste having concentration high enough to give harmful impacts to environment but convincingly low concentration that is not enough to recover these metals in effect. In this paper, an overview of contrastive regularitys for copper recovery is illustrated and justified the selection of different methods over different copper content of various sources.Keywords Copper extraction, Copper recovery, Electroplating, Recycling,I. INTRODUCTIONIncreasing demand of copper gives elevated chances for generating copper waste from different industries. There are thousands number of industries existing which includes utilization or processing of copper. In this paper, review of several(prenominal) most copper containing waste and most optimum copper recovery methods are described. Waste source is targeted which gives better possibilities of copper recovery and ease of operation. some(prenominal) metallurgical source like bronze scrap, copper varyer impurity, electroplating waste, and pickling solution is included in the study.II. Different copper source and recovery methods convalescence from copper slagThere are different verities of slag produced from smelters for non-ferrous production. Major emphasis is given to copper slag as it has equal to or higher copper content compared to raw copper ore. Generation and utilization of copper slag has higher environment impacts compared to steel and iron slag as they contain remarkable quantity of heavy metals with higher solubility. Chemical composition of copper slag varies with different origins. Chemical composition is given as per work of Shen Forssberg in defer 1.TABLE IChemical composition of copper slagElements(Percentage)Cu0.6-3.2Fe32.7-37. 3SiO232.5-37.3Al2O32.4-4.0CaO1.8-7.5MgO1.6-4.0S0.5-1.0There are specific three methods to recover copper from copper slag Floatation, Leaching and cookFloatation Barnes has given industrial floatation process at Mount Isa Mines Limited to recover copper from copper slag. Grinding operation is use until obtain the granular size of 80%- 74 m before floatation. Floatation is also feasible for magnetite resign in the raw copper slag, so hydroxy ethyl cellulose is employ in the process as a depressant of magnetite impurities. MIBC is used in the process as froather agent and sodium sec-butyl xanthate is used as a collector of copper from the waste. The go forth of this process gives concentrate pattern copper with high percentage as 42.54%. Overall yield of such process is 82%. This experiment is observed for copper slag containing 3.7% copper. In this experiment most of Co is observed with floatation tail.Mainly, copper slag floatation is somewhat similar with sulfide ore floatatio n because of the fact that only metallic copper and sulfide minerals from the copper slag can only be effectively floated. In other slag copper is usually observed under oxide state and Co and Ni are also in oxide state because of its homogeneous distribution in the slag. So the stated method will not be utilized effectively with Co, Ni and oxide copper state. Therefore the span for the floatation process is reduced in size as less quantity of Co, Ni must be present in the slag or copper must not be in the form of oxide.Leaching Basire and Anand described leaching thoroughly ab reveal its use and study over some leachants mainly hydrochloric virulent, ferric chloride, ammonia, and sulfuric dot. In the initial era cyanide was also used but it was complete because of its harmful effects to environment. Leaching is positively influenced by addition of H2O2, or leaching with Cl2/Cl system, or gouge leaching. control 1 shows effect of H2O2 on leaching of copper based on the experime nts of Base metal recovery.Figure 1. Kinetics of copper recoveryGraph showing metal recovery with passing oxidising agent like H2SO4 for copper slag. Experiment is carried egress with 10% solid in solution and particle size less than 100 m. Experiment is carried out at 70 oC and pH maintained at 2.5 with applied H2O2 at 35 L/(h.t)Pressure leaching has broadly described by Anand, shows that with pressure leaching and use of dilute H2SO4 recovery of copper about 90% achieved from copper converter slag from the initial concentration of 4.03% Cu.Roasting Roasting is very one intermediate step which involves the process for converting the copper in desired form that can be well separated from the raw material. After coat of roasting, Leaching or floatation must be used to achieve desired separation. If we narrow down the process criteria then we can say a lot more specific term as sulphate roasting instead of roasting. In this process conversion of cupper cobalt ant nickel is taki ng place and transformed into more feasible soluble sulfates. Raw material is processed at 200-600 oC by addition of sulfide or sulfate agents. Then these soluble sulfates are dissolved in water supply and easily separated from slag. Some of the agents used in the process are, (NH3)SO4, H2SO4, H2S, pyrite etc. Sulfurization reactions are summarized as bellow.Cu2O + H2S Cu2S + H2O (1)2Cu + H2S + O2 Cu2S + H2O (2)Sulfides of copper are then easily converted to soluble copper sulfate with roasting at 600oC. Ziyadanogullari used this method to treat copper slag containing 2.4% copper. By sulfurization in closed system with 140oC for 1 hour and then heating and roasting with 600oC for 360 minutes gives better result for recovery of copper up to 99.2%.Copper recovery from bronze scrapBronze is the mixture of copper, lead and tin. Vast numbers of studies are going on as well as succeeded for recovering copper from brass scrap. Ludovicus produced black copper by reducing scrap at 1300o C after melting at 1180oC. After recovery of black copper oxygen gas is supplied in ample amount with a view to oxidize all metal impurities and obtained anode grade copper. Morsi and Rabah have canvass different parameters for recovery of copper by melting the bronze scrap. They obtained bronze scrap which comprise of chips, turnings and pieces ranging from 1-5 mm in size from El-Maady Co. for technology Industries, Cairo, Egypt. Experimental work uses a computerized heating mechanism with silicon carbide-heated muffle furnace. With operating temperature of 1600oC slag generated contains tin and lead that is continuously skimmed off with a view to eliminate the possibility of joining the slag to molten copper. Slag generated from the process also has small copper content which is recovered by acid leaching to increase overall yield.Experiment is carried out by Morasi and Rabah at different temperatures and copper content with overall yield is measured at 15 and 30 minutes.Figure 2 Effect of temperature on obtained copper alloyFigure 2 enlightens the behaviour of copper residue and composition of the same. Experiment is carried out at 1150oC, 1200oC, 1250oC and 1300oC and at time interval of 15 and 30 minutes. As we can see with increasing time recovery is increased but behavior of recovery is same. Overall yield is decreased with increasing time because more amount of metal is being dragged with slag formation. Removal of lead and tin from slag is favored by addition of copper sulfide with provision of air which convert impurities into sulfides and pushes forward the percentage amount of impurities into slag and increased recovery of copper in residue. Addition of 10-20 percent copper sulfide reduces up to 10 percent lead and 8 percent tin in copper residue. Recovery of copper is 96.2% with combination of acid leaching from the generated slag.Recovery of copper from pickling solution.Like every common metal, brass also has a tendency to corrode. Corrosion of brass takes place by contacting the outer surface to air. Corrosion of brass looks like black coating on the outer surface and it is called tarnish. This coating in non skilful in any condition so it must be removed. Removal of corrosion includes dipping brass metal in dilute sulfuric acid solution, which is used for a long time before it finds its way to discharge. This utilization over a long period of time enriches the dilute solution with valuable metals such as copper, zinc, chromium etc. This heavy metal enriched mild acid solution is called waste pickle solution. Because of its environmental hazards it cannot be disposed off without removing toxicity. Recovery of copper is a coincidence that will make disposal waste under legislative limits and will provide economical benefit by recovering valuable metals.Pickling solution has a base of mild sulfuric acid and has the highest percentage around 45.1 g/L of H2SO4 in the same. It has around 25 g/L Zn and 35 g/L Cu(II), and ot her negligible impurities like chromium, iron and nickel. First using equal volume of TEHA (tri (2-ethylhexyl) amine) extractor acid is being removed with formation of immiscible layer over organic layer and can be easily removed from the mixture. Copper and zinc whitethorn be present in the sulfate form as no part of any metal is observed in the extracted acid and TEHA has less analogy towards sulfates of copper and zinc. This acid free pickle liquor is used with other extractors like Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)-phosphinic acid for recovery of copper and zinc. Kerosene is used as diluents in the solvent extraction. pH of Versatic 10 acid and Cyanex 272 is having higher influence on extraction. Increasing Ph resulting in increment of metal extraction and at 5 pH and 30% Versatic acid concentration all the copper is extracted. Whereas, zinc extraction is observed above pH 5 and is completely extracted in organic phase at pH 7.0.III. Copper recovery wit h electroplatingWith a specific type of waste that has copper in isolated pure form this technique can be used. A new idea is generated for separation of copper from waste like alloy waste brass industries waste, electrical waste etc. Tank is filled with electrolyte like zonax, copper sulfate etc. The idea is to provide continuous separation from raw material and to facilitate array of nearly 100 percent pure copper. New type of vessel needs to be developed which has stainless steel base that can be acting like cathode and a receiver anode needs to be in center of tank. Outside walls must be made up of insulating material or at-least needs to have insulation over the wall to isolate human contact by accident during the process.Figure 3 electroplating for copper recoveryFigure is showing the possible assembly of electroplating mechanism for semi continuous copper recovery. Copper in the raw material comes with contact of electric field applied across the length of the assembly. Cop per in the electrolytic solution first separated and settled on anode. By this, copper-ion deficiency is generated in the solution. To mitigate the deficiency, copper from the raw material comes in to electrolytic solution and completes the chain reaction.Pure copper sulfate and zonax solutions are not conductors of electricity. For ease of operation pure water needs to be added to convert ions from the solution. Because of water addition now electrolytic solution has H+ ions and by getting enough electricity they will convert into hydrogen gas and applied electricity cannot be used efficiently. This apparatus can be operated within range of 2-12V. Above this range H2 will pour down to consume additional energy. Higher the applied amperes better the rate of deposition of copper from the raw material. Rate of deposition can be calculated by equation given by Michal faraday, i.e. W=(I.T.A)/(Z.F) where, W is the weight of copper deposited, I is the amount of modern applied (amp), T i s the amount of time for which current supplied, A is the atomic weight of substance, Z is vacancy and F is faraday constant 96,500 coulombs.For selection of electrolyte free electrons play vital role. General electrolyte as copper sulfate has higher efficiency for electroplating then zonax, but zonax is mono-valance electrolyte and less electricity is utilized for almost double copper extraction compared to copper sulfate.IV. ConclusionFor efficient recovery of copper from various source first type of source and form in which copper is present must be determined. Floatation is not the most accurate and efficient method for separation of copper but it is widely used for primary separation of copper and for concentrating the raw copper for other applicable process like smelting. Leaching of copper is the most widely used and efficient copper removal process but it must be followed by electroplating of iron addition process to obtain pure copper. Some parameters like pH and temperatur e of leachant must be observed and needs to be carefully maintained. Roasting is also a two step process in which copper is converted to more feasible sulfate form and can be easily extracted by leaching. Bronze scrap has more copper content in the structure and needs to be carefully processed to obtain large number of copper content recovery up to 96% and other recovery by leaching from slag generated can increase the overall yield. Another phenomenon has been studied for pickling solution which has serious pollution problem at the disposal and economic problem at treatment. For treatment acid must be removed in the pretreatment and then copper along with valuable metals can be efficiently recovered with Versatic 10 acid. In the end new method has been observed for semi continuous operation for copper recovery using specific electrolyte and modified operation tank.ReferencesAmit kapur, 2006 The future of the red metal scenario analysis, futures, 37, 1067-1094.Archana Agrawal, K.K. Sahu, Problems, prospects and current trends of copper recycling in India An overview, Resourse, conservation and recycling, 54,401-416.Huiting Shen, E. Forssberg. 2002. An overview of recovery of metals from slags. Waste Management 23 (2003) 933949.Lumsdaine, J.,Barnes, C.D., S.M. , OHare, 1993. Copper converter slag treatment at Mount Isa Mines Limited, Mount Isa, Qld. AusIMM legal proceeding 298 (1), 31.Basir, S.M.A., Rabah, M.A., 1999. Hydrometallurgical recovery of metal values from brass melting slag., Hydrometallurgy 53 (1), 31-44.Anand, S., Rao, P., Kanta, X., Jena, P.K., 1980. Recovery of metal values from copper converter and smelter slags by ferric chloride leaching.. Hydrometallurgy 5, (4) , 355365.Morsi M. B., Rabah ,M. A., 2004, Recovery of copper from bronze scrap., Acta Metallurgica Slovaca, 10 , 4 327 338.Gock, E., Kongolo, K., Banza, A.N., 2001. Process for the recycling of base metals from copper smelter slag. German Patent, DE 199 46 326 A 1, 2001-03-29.Ahmed , I.B., Gbor, P.K., Jia, C.Q., 2000. Behaviour of Co and Ni during aqueous sulphur dioxide leaching of nickel slag. Hydrometallurgy 57, 1322.Andrzej G, Miroslaw U, Ryszard D. Service properties of grinding wheels with copper smelting slag as binder component. Mechnik 199265(5-6)167-/9.Boyrazli, M., Tumen, F. Altundogan, H.S., 2004. A study on the sulfuric acid leaching of copper converter slag in the presence of dichromate. Miner. Eng. 17, 465467.Panda, S.C., Sukla, L.B., Jean, P.K., 1986. Recovery of cobalt, nickel, and copper from converter slag through roasting with ammonium ion sulphate and sulfuric acid. Hydrometallurgy 16, 153165.Iglesias, N., Carranza, F., Mazuelos, A., Romero, R., Forcat, O., 2009. Ferric leaching of copper slag flotation tailings. Miner. Eng. 22, 107110.Gaballah I. Allain E., (1994), Recycling of strategic metals from industrial slag by hydro and pyrometallurgical processes, Recycling of Materials in Industry Conf., Strasbourg. 1992, Resource Conserv. Recy cl. 10,1-2I. Gaballah, E. Allain, 1992, Recycling of strategic metals from industrial slag by hydro and pyrometallurgical processes,, Resource Conserv. Recycl. 10, 1994, 12.Nenniger, E.H., Barrett, E.C., 1992. Hydrometallurgical treatment of electric arc furnace dusts. US Pat., 5,082,493.Yuanyuan Tang, Siu-Wai Chan,Kaimin Shih, 2014, Copper stabilisation in beneficial use of waterworks sludge and copper-laden electroplating sludge for ceramic materials, waste management, 34,6, 1085-1091Dan Chen, Yi-Zhong, Yu Hua-Jun, Zhu Zhong-Zhe, Liu Yun Feng, Xu Qiang, Liu Guang-Ren Qian, 2008 Ferrite process of electroplating sludge and enrichment of copper by hydrothermal reaction, Separation and refinement technology, 62, 2, 297-303Shuhei Miura, Hideo Honma, 2003 Advanced copper electroplating for application of electronics, surface and coating technology, 169-170, 91-95Hiskey, J.B., Sole, K.C, 1992. Solvent extraction characteristics of thiosubstituted orgnophosphinic acid extractants. Hydrom etallurgy, 30, 345-365.Hiskey, J.B., Sole, K.C., 1995. Solvent extraction of copper by Cyanex 272, Cyanex 302 and Cyanex 301. Hydrometallurgy, 37, 129-147.SCHEMCON-20141 Page

Chinese Kongsi Clan

Chinese Kongsi ClanChapter 1IntroductionThe Chinese of South China came to Malaya in the great patterns. Today, they comprise or so the Hokkien dialect, and they quickly complete their clan houses or kongsi, in Georgetown. These kongsi are actu eachy clan temples for ancestor worship. They are set like jewels in courtyards, guarded by great st single lions. However, the post of the Chinese kongsi changes very rapid in Malaya since the late 1900s, and hence their impact on the Chinese community was very significance.The Chinese kongsi were district associations was organized on a district (of China) or clan (sur separate) basis. Chinese kongsi in like manner were mutual-benefit societies whose rank was drawn from particular village and prefectures in China. In China they were originally religious or benevolent self help associations, which assumed a political or anti-dynastic character at the cartridge clip of the Manchu conquest, and by and by degenerated into organizations of criminals for exploiting and intimidating the community.Their rivalries, especially regarding control and limits of the protection athletic fields into which they parceled towns and districts, brought them into collision. Their objects were to help needy members carry out various religious rites, and help in settling disputes among their members or amidst their members and others.Chinese kongsi are organizations of popular origin found among abroad Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname in Malaya. In the opinion of contemporary Europeans, kongsi was quite unambiguous from the hui or sneaking(a) caller, but the fact is that kongsi was the inclusive limit including the benevolent associations, pure and simple, and the hui that was both self-help and criminal in its scope. When the hui were finally suppressed, the kongsi survived and they continue their work of good-will and mutual assistance.But the maritime province of China from which the sound Chinese were drawn was notorious in Chinese history for their turbulence and for generations various districts had carried on crashing(a) feuds. When the natives of these districts came to Malaya they brought their feuds with them.To understand how British compoundism affected the Chinese community in Penang to form an association or Chinese kongsi, we have to look into the implications of the colonization of the island by Francis arc an English country trader.1.1 BackgroundPulau Pinang or Penang is name of an island in the strait Malacca and also is a small mountainous island off the west semivowel of the Malay Peninsula, 15 miles long by nine miles wide. The east coast of the island is the site of Penangs harbor, organize by the narrow channel that separates the island from the mainland. The name of Penang as called by Chinese as Binlang Xu ( elbow room island of Penang) in navigational drawings used by the maritime voyages of Imperial (Ming dynasty China) envoy Admiral Cheng Ho.Pen ang was already identified in the chart ofCheng Hos voyage to the South Sea in the 15th degree centigrade. However, the urban development of Penang only started when Francis sapless established the trading base of the eastern United States India Company in 1786, for the voyage between China and India. All the varied flavours of both worlds- in the faces, languages, customs and costumer- are blended, yet distinct. Penang was founded for trade, and trade remains the hearts of its economy.In time Penang earned a reputation for having the sweetest water in the east. Similarly, the Chinese settlement in Tanjong Tokong pre-dates the English settlement by several(prenominal) decades. There were also Chinese planters living in Krian and along the Kedah coast, opposite the island. The main urban settlement on the island, George townsfolk, sits close to this harbor on the northeastern promontory of the island. George Town was named by Francis Light on August 10th 1786, and is thus as old as the Settlement itself. Light had occupied the island on (July 17th) that clearing the jungle on Penaga Point and going on to mark out what are still the central thoroughfares viz. Having named the island afterwards the Prince of Wales, Light evidently do redress by naming the town after George III, quickly adding name to commemorate and conciliate the Primer Minister (William Pitt), and the Governor-General (Cornwallis).1.1.1 Founding PenangPenang was part of the sultanate Kedah until it became a British ownership in 1786, gaining independence as part of the Federation of Malaya in 1957. In 1786, chieftain Francis Light established Penang to serve as an English trading department store in the Straits of Malacca, an area strategically located between India and China. At that time, the British had no port between Calcutta and Canton, a matter for concern when monsoon storms bevy British ship to seek supplies or repair.These scenario had changed dramatically on 17 July 1786 w hen Lieutenant Gray, under the command of Captain Francis Light, led a pioneer land party and proceeded to supervise an orderly disembarkation. Captain Light, who was on board the Eliza, had chosen Penaga Point, a cover on the northeast finger of the island, to set-up his headquarters. The Eliza, accompanied by the Prince henry and the Speed healthy, had left Kedah port on the 14th of July after having reached an understanding with the Sultan to establish a trading port on behalf of the English East India Company.After Francis Light introduced the idea of a free port, which in sharp contrast to the established practice in the area. The result was dramatic. Small trades who had been sailing to several small Malayan and Dutch ports turned much(prenominal) and more toward Penang. Soon a steady stream of perpetual Asian settlers followed. At the same time, Penang also attracted Chinese traders and merited from India subcontinent and the neighboring Malay States. Light reported to the East India Company that trades came from as far as Arabia in the West and Makasaar in the East.Light successfully negotiated an agreement with the Sultan of Kedah that Penang would be ceded to the East India Company in exchange for 6,000 per annum and the promise that the company would station an armed vessel in the Straits to guard Penang and the Kedah coast. They agreed that free trade would be allowed, and that anyone could trade on the Kedah coast without restriction. Despite having written reports to his superiors in Calcutta nigh the helpfulness of the natives on the island, Captain Francis Light and subsequent East India Company officers considered the island virtually uninhabited .Thus Light went on to claim the island for the English Crown and christened it Princes of Wales Island. Its capital was Georgetown, named after George III art object the fort itself was named after the Governor-General of India, Charles, Marrquis Cornwallis.Through this blurb treaty signed i n 1800, the English gained control of the coastline str and so oning from Kuala Kedah in the north to the Krian estuary in the south. This was named Province Wellesley, after Richard, Earl of Mornington, later Marquis of Wellesley, Governor-General of India. Once the agreement was concluded, the British boats landed. The next day, a Chinese from Kedah, together with some Indian Christians, brought Light a welcoming clothe of fishing nets. Most agree that this man was Koh Lay Huan, a Chinese from Fujian province whom Light run alongd as the most respectable member of the Chinese, and whom he appointed as Penangs first Chinese community leader or kapitan (a intelligence information borrowed from Dutch into English, Chinese and Malay to refer to the appointed leadership of ethnic groupings). Penang quickly became a cosmopolitan commercial center, and among the many who flocked to Penang to seek the protection of the British flag were Europeans, Chooliahs (Tamils), Bengalis, Chines e, Burmese, Arabs, Malays and Portugese. By 1789, there were ten thousand residents, and this number doubled by 1795.1.1.2 Founding Chinese KongsiAs the majority of Chinese immigrants came from the southern maritime provinces of China (Fukien, Kwangtung and Kwangsi) where the Triad Society had prospered, it is not surprising to surface therefore that many of them were in fact Triad members who had brought the secret organization with them to Singapore and Malaya. The available enjoin suggests that the Triad was firmly established in the Straits Settlements by the beginning of the 19th century. It was first recorded in Penang in 1799 as a source of trouble to the local government.By 1825 there were at least four secret societies- the Ghee Hin, the Ho Seng, the Hai San and the Wah Sang- firmly entrenched on the island. When waves of Chinese immigrants deluged Malaya during the second half of the nineteenth century, they had no intentions of making the country their permanent legal residence. They were hua chiao who left China to find their fortune and having found it, and then they intended to return to the motherland. While the Chinese immigrants lived in Malaya, they wanted Chinese cordial to comforts for their home-away-from-home.As they increased in number their need for walking(prenominal) identification and security drove to set up associations and societies similar to hose in China. So, while the kongsi administration in Penang at defiance as wee as 1799 in 1825 they actually plotted an insurrection in league with the Siamese to overthrow the Government in 1826 Newbold notes the Triad Society in Malacca as being 4,000 strong.In the meantime, the Chinese immigrant also established the association (or hui kuan) which formed on a provincial basis, there were the Hokkien (Fukien) and Kwangtung Associations. The principal functions of this hui kuan were to keep alive links with their home provinces by making available to members reading materials on th eir home regions, and to provide mutual aid such as subsidies for funerals of members, education aid include scholarships and loans. While the organizations of the nineteenth century catered primarily to the socio-economic needs of the overseas Chinese, during the 20th century, as the latter became increasingly politically conscious, these organizations also sought to generate concern for motherland among their members. There were also fully aware that Chinas future depended rot on caring for regional interest alone but for those of the whole nation.Socially, the dialect associations offered opportunities for sharing news and reminiscences about the home districts as well as for recreation. However, the mains functions of the associations were to provide sociable welfare services and protection to the new immigrants and those who needed material help when they first come to Malaya. Basically, the immigrant will get married the associations as a member to make sure they get the pro tection and the rich merchants were usually elected as the leaders of their respective dialect groups. They contributed erect sums of money to keep the association going, and in return, they commanded respect in their own dialect groups. Through the dialect associations or even hui kuan, many Chinese leaders were able to influence the attitudes of the members towards practically any matter. Thus, as well be seen later, both the revolutionaries and the reformists competed for the support of the leaders of the dialect groups.In a period of about forty years (1846-89), a series of thigh-slappers, twelve of which were serious, had occurred in the Straits Settlements. Most of these involved heavy loss of manners and property, and were serious threats to public security. The Penang riot of 1867, for example, involved some 30,000 Chinese and 4,000 Malays (about a quarter of the total population of Penang and Province Wellesley) in a bloody fight which lasted for about a month, and perv ert was estimated at $ 60,000 (Spanish). wish well the dialect groups and the clan organizations, the secret societies formed an original part of the social fabric of the Chinese communities in Singapore and Malaya in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Before their suppression in 1890, the secret societies constituted a semi-legal of self-determination in the Chinese communities, protecting life and property, allocating jobs and settling disputes among their members. Because of the flaccid policy of the government of the Straits Settlements, the secret societies came to assume considerable control over the Chinese by intimidation, blackmail and violence. They sometimes recruited newly-arrived immigrants by force and saved opium and gambling houses and brothels. Personal feuds and factional quarrels over spheres of influence frequently led to armed clashes which affected the safety of all the Chinese, and threatened public security as a whole.Significant of studyRation al, significance, or need for the studyThe topic of the Chinese kongsi of Penang has been the basis of many studies. It has also formed part of wider studies encompassing British Malaya and southeasterly Asia. Most of these studies, however, are concerned with the origin of kongsi and limited studies have been made on the major role and role reversal of the Chinese kongsi in Penang. The leave study represents an attempt to fill this gap.Penang became a centre of regional trade in the early nineteenth century. Its status as an entrepot was over-shadowed after 1819 by Singapore, which also took over as the administrative centre of the Straits Settlements in 1832. Nevertheless its economic base was strengthened from the second half of the 19th century by the growth of the tin and later rubber industries in the Malay Peninsula. Then Penang became part of the global political economy of colonial capitalism.The newly-immigrant Chinese, who were legally aliens and whose ties to their co ntractable homeland remained strong. Leaders of both groups sometimes came together in the Chinese Town Hall and the Chinese Chamber of Commerce as well as various organizations, based on clan, district, and occupation, which were the main channels of Chinese social and political life, but the English and Chinese-educated Chinese were virtually separate communities.The Chinese secret societies, they began as self-help Chinese associations that provided protection and assistance to members.Chinese do want to remain culturally distinguishable, and hat they are drawn in this century both towards patriotism in China and towards embracing local loyalties by the same forces, that is by he pressures of contemporaryization and the erosion of traditional values. Nevertheless, this study has not tried to rate the quality of Chinese political life in Penang. The significance of this study is to prove that the role of the Chinese kongsi have been changed between the period of the study.The su bject of Chinese amalgamations-kongsi or hui kuan and secret societies which are such an outstanding feature of Chinese life in the Straits-has not been fully dealt with here because it is mind of enough magnificence to merit a separate chapter, but now that references has been made to the policing of the Chinese in the first decades of Penangs story, mention of them cannot be avoided if only in a bare reference.This study has been chosen to discuss the problems in terms of politics because politics can be more volatile and more susceptible to al-Qaida change. It may not be as deep as social and culture change, nor as fundamental as economic innovation, but I apply to show that similar oral sexs are worth asking about social and economic change and that the answers these let on would provide a sound basis for evaluating the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang.Statement of the problemThe term for secret society and hui, is often interchangeable with the terms like kongsi or Ch inese clan (hui kuan), all roughly translating to the meaning of brotherhood. The term kongsi is more widely know in Southeast Asia, whereas in Penang, the secret societies were simply known as hui or tong. Kongsi or clan halls, are benevolent organizations of popular origin found among overseas Chinese communities for individuals with the same surname. This type of social practice arose, it is held in Penang since 19th century. The term of kongsi is synonymous with the contemporary Chinese word for a commercial firm or business enterprise.The kongsi resembled a miniature Chinese village, with its own self-government as well as educational, financial, welfare and social organizations. However, the establishments of the Chinese kongsi not only cause tenseness among the Chinese communities but also with other group including the Malay and India. This is because of Chinese kongsi only help the member with the same surname but not all Chinese community or other race. Like the Penang Rio ts of 1867 which were nine days of heavy street fighting and bloodshed among the secret societies of Penang which spiraled out of the British control. However, Chinese kongsi still play a very primary(prenominal) role as a benevolent organization of Chinese community in Penang. But, the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang also changing slowly in force(p) as a symbolic of the Chinese culture after 1960. Meanwhile, Chinese kongsi also make bankers bill between secret societies with Chinese kongsi. That will has to be subject of more detailed in this study.Elements, hypotheses, or research questions to be investigatedChinese community is the second-largest ethnic group in Malaysia, where Chinese groups are allowed to peck as their own cultures, which then fit into a large dominant Malay national pattern. Associational activities had always been an integral part of Chinese life necessitated by economic needs and cultural predilections. Exactly how were these Chinese kongsi origina lly formed? How did they function? To what extent did these kongsi reflect to the social organization and patterns of the Chinese community? I decide to seek the answer for two questions.The first was how Penang Chinese kongsi attitudes towards the region did and local people change over time, and how this might has influenced their perspective and play the important role on the Chinese groups in Penang? What are their present roles and functions regarding nation-building? In addition, what factors reflected in the general process change of Chinese kongsis role? My second question and the more difficult one was whether the alleged similarities between the Chinese secret societies and Chinese kongsi were the result of contact and mutual influence between them in the colonial period. Has the raison dtre of the Chinese kongsi changed? None of the answers for these questions are self-evident nor could they be adduced from mere observation. I think that such questions should be crush su bjected to empirical research (as far as is attainable) and treated dispassionately rather than on conjectural or speculative bases.Definition of termsHaving thus obtained a general view of the subject matter of this and the following study, it is necessary trace as far as possible from time of its foundation in each Settlement in the Straits, up to year 1867, the history and fortune of each chapter of the local Chinese secret societies and kongsi which collectively are known as the Triad society and upon that evidence to attempt to separate the several societies into the two rival camps of Triad-Hui (secret societies) and Kongsi (benevolent societies).The use of the term Chinese kongsi naturally raises the question what is a Chinese kongsi and what different between hui(secret society) and kongsi? To go along conceptual confusion, I shall make a preliminary hypothesis of what a Chinese kongsi is? The word kongsi so frequently made use in the evidence, means company, and the word hui or hoeys means Brotherhood, Society, or Association. A hui is a secret society. But the word kongsi is frequently made use of to denote a hui.In Chinese the term kongsi conveys the meaning of secret and nefarious society, only when used after the name such illegal society e.g. Ghee Hin Kongsi. While the word kongsi in Malay terms means a fusion or association of any sort, or a cheer or house occupied by Chinese laborers. But when the word kongsi used in conjunction with the Malay word gelap, it means secret society (kongsi gelap).While Barbara Ward defines Chinese kongsi as the large political groups in the mining districts, which seems rather vague. J.C. Jacksons points are much more proper(postnominal) because he uses the term kongsi to signify alliances of mining unions and their farming and mining members. Wang Tai Peng defines it neither simply as partnership or brotherhood, nor a combination of both. Rather, comment of kongsi is that it was a form of open government, based on an enlarged partnership and brotherhood. Its purpose was to protect economic gains as well as to resist extracurricular powers. This new political organization provided a foundation for the social and economic life of the overseas Chinese. As Wang Tai Peng made a definition of Chinese kongsi in his studyKongsi is a Chinese world which indicates a firm partnership or society in a very broad sense. The word has been commonly used in the archipelago over centuries and has become current in both Dutch and various native languages. Literally it means government by a general public or administration of public affairs. The world, kongsi, is derived from the dialect of the Hokkien people who have established themselves throughout Java and commercial ports of the outer islands. In the Hakka dialect, it reads as kung-sze. In Riouw and Jawa, administrations of a firm are customarily addressed and referred to as kongsi. Chinese officials also used this title.Owing to the untiring purs uit of the Chinese of the means to raise capital, the Chinese kongsi is numerous not only in our colony but also in the Malay Peninsula, in the outer islands of Indonesia and in the Philippines. The significance of the kongsi for the flowering and development of Chinese industry, commerce and navigation is hard to underestimate. The kongsi were entirely established to hold people of the same home countries and clans in closer tie or relationship.In the family kongsi, no one, because of the tradition, could have private fortune so long as their father lived. All the family capital were at the disposal of the patriarch. Undoubtedly, if under closer examination, many kongsi would no longer be family kongsi as they at first seem to be. The Chinese kongsi have, however, become more and more separate from the above-mentioned origins over time, more especially recently. (Beknopte Encyclopaedi van Nederlandsche Oost-Indi)In fact, almost every Chinese institution during the early nineteent h century was called kongsi. A temple patron god, a clan society or a provincial club of the Chinese overseas was often named kongsi on foundation. Nevertheless, during the later part of the nineteenth century, they became better know as hui-kuan, a name that was actually much older than kongsi, appearing in the sixteenth century.On the other hand, what exactly is meant by the term secret societies? It does not apply to all groups forced into clandestine activities. Rather, it designates associations whose policies are characterized by a particular kind of religious, political, and social dissent from the established order, such as the White Lotus Sect and the Triad Society. And indeed such present-day terms for secret society as mi-mi hsieh-hui and mi-mi she-hui are neologisms, genuine translations of the Western term secret society used from the mid-nineteenth century on by such men as Schlegel, Gtzlaff, and Wylie in describing these Chinese groups as analogous to the Freemasons, the Carbonari and Sainte-Vehme.The groups known in the West as secret societies were classified by the literal of imperial China as hsieh-chiao (perverse, aberrant, or heterodox sects), yin-chiao (depraved sects), mo-chiao (demoniac sects), fei-chiao (rebel sects), yao-chiao (witchcraft sects), etc. Worth noting is the fact that each of these Chinese terms contain an allusion to the religious character of the secret societies, a character discernible in all these groups whether one speaks of the chiao-men, religious sects in the strict sense that propagated a special religious doctrine, or the hui-tang, seditious associations or bands in which the religious elements were restricted to the rites of initiation, to the sacred area called Mu-yang Cheng (City of Willows), to the oaths of fidelity made by invoking the gods, and to other Para religious acts.The Chinese language at that time had no accepted term for secret society. The modern term pi-mi she-hui was apparently introduced by the Japanese. Of two authors writing in the same period about the corporation between the Republicans and the secret societies around 1910, the Japanese, Hirayama Amane, spoke of pi-mi she-hui, whereas the Chinese, Tao Cheng-chang, retained the traditional distinction between chiao-men and hui-tang.However, other scholar also called Chinese kongsi as secret societies. This had caused much of confusion in the mind of the colonial authorities. The British administration in the Straits Settlements, for example, had been confusing hui-kuan with hui or secret societies until 1892 when it began to draw a clear-cut line between them. Hui or brotherhood is more proper a term to the vehicle of Chinese self-government as it was then the term secret society. The term secret society is all the more misleading for the objection raised by Purcell, whatever the precise implication of secrecy may have beenAll Chinese social organization was necessarily secret whilst it was not recognized or was b anned by the Government. The Chinese municipal organizations in Borneo, the kongsis, were, and are, referred to as secret societies, as are all Chinese political organization in Siam where they are illegal.Some of the Chinese kongsi in Southeast Asia may have carried over the ritual oath-taking ceremony and even the name of Tien-Ti Hui, they generally evolved from a small partnership, either in commerce or mining. On foundation, they were called hui or union, after which was commonly misused in early colonial days to mean a secret society. Later, when they grew into large organizations with hundreds or thousands of members, they were known as kongsi. The Tien- Ti Hui in Penang was a partnership in origin.In this study, it should be mentioned here that a distinction should be made between the bona fide kongsi which were, and are, benevolent associations, and the dangerous secret societies whose object was extortion and opposition to the fairness but in these early days it is debatab le whether all the associations did not in some measure adopts similar lines of behavior. Europeans have made a distinction between the huis (as the secret societies were called) and the Chinese kongsi, or district or clan associations, labeling the former as secret and subversive, and the latter as open and beneficial. Even thought hui (secret society) is different with kongsi from perceptive of term, but from the social aspects, both associations are formed by overseas Chinese based on dialect group or same family names to look after their members affairs and welfare. As what Blythe mentioned, who writers as followsThis attempt to distinguish between kongsi and hui is quite arbitrary-based, I imagine, on the uninformed writings of early Europeans. For example, the Ghee Hin Society was normally known as the Ghee Hin Kung Si. On the other side, most purely benevolent societies are know as hui, even down to the Tontine type of monthly subscription and monthly draw (Cantonese Ngan Wui ). In 1928, I was in charge of Cantonese secret societies work in Singapore, and although these were not of the caliber of the old Triad Societies (we could only average one murder a day), quite a number of these societies (descended from branches of the Triad) were XX kongsi. And, as we know, the normal term for a business partnership or for a coolie-lines is kongsi, The Clan kongsi of Penang are quite unique. They do not exist elsewhere in Malaya.In Chinese usage, Mr. Blythe has concluded that the kongsi are includes hui because this both of the Chinese associations are no distinction is made between good and bad. Blythe also defines kongsi as any partnership or group with a common interest.1.3 ObjectiveSocial and linguistic background and the nature of Chinese immigration determined the form of early Chinese social organizations. The surname differences and a strong sense of regional identity encouraged Chinese immigrants to form their respective surname associations or kongsi. T he Chinese kongsi had played a major role in socials and economy in Malaya since the early days of British. However, the role of Chinese kongsi has being change after Penang Riots 1867.The objectives of this study have been first, to describe and analyses the Chinese kongsi activities in Penang between 1820 and 1957 to show how the movement grew and developed in these areas, and later became one mainstreams of the Chinese associations second, to analyses the responses of various social groups among Chinese community in Penang to the Chinese kongsi, and third, to estimate the importance role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang.This study has been chosen to discuss the problems in terms of politics because politics can be more volatile and more susceptible to radical change. It may not be as deep as social and culture change, nor as fundamental as economic innovation, but I hope to show that similar questions are worth asking about social and economic change and that the answers these pro duce would provide a sound basis for evaluating the role of the Chinese kongsi in Penang.Nevertheless, this study has not tried to evaluate the quality of Chinese political life in Penang. The significance of this study is to prove and report the role of the Chinese kongsi have been changed between the period of the study.1.4 Literature reviewThe existing studies cover a wide range of themes including administration, the economy as well as social and political aspects. Even thought many scholar show that various kinds of overseas Chinese organizations set up for purpose of trade, protection and management were not merely copies of earlier form in China, but some have been tending(p) much attention others remain neglected or have not been subjected to fresh critical inquiry. While most historians concentrated on the controlling forces of Chinese secret societies during and after the pre-war period. Although secret societies were not politically inclined and tended to maintain their traditional roles in running protection and extortion rackets.Secret societies, on the other hand, recruited crossways such barriers and members were bound together by the rituals of sworn brotherhood around a charismatic and semi-mystical head. Being tightly knit and glorifying martial prowess, they were particularly well suited to the task of colonization and self-protection demanded of a pioneering community. Mak Lau Fong observes in his sociological study of secret societies in Peninsular Malaysia When sworn brotherhood binds Triad membership together, dialect differences are naturally de-emphasized, and the clan system is consigned to a secondary position. For the aspect of the Chinese kongsi origins, the study by M.L Wynne, Wang Tai Peng and W. Blythe is the most comprehensive, and the best account to date.Wang Tai Pengs study, original part of a Ph.D. dissertation, depends heavily on Chinese and Japanese materials in both the Menzies Library and the National Library. The que stion also led him to consider the historical place of the kongsi, and original

Creatine Monohydrate And Its Effects On Sprinters Physical Education Essay

Creatine Monohydrate And Its Effects On Sprinters Physical Education EssayCreatine monohydrate has been shown to act as a buffer storage to maintain fast-flying rates of ATP turnover, therefore Creatine availability has been reported to be a main limiting factor during bouts of gamey-in ten-spotsity exercise much(preno bital) as styleing. As a emergence of recent investigations documenting the ergogenic value of creatin monohydrate subjunction, it has been dod as a popular ergogenic serve for m both athletes who require fast rates of recovery (Mujika Padilla, 1997). Creatine is thought to improve performance by facilitating the rate of post-exercise Phosphocreatine (PCr) resynthesis. Given this relationship between PCr resynthesis and recovery of power output, appurtenance is intimately likely to be beneficial to repetitive run activities (Glaister, 2006). However, some investigations on the effects of creatine supplementation and its effect on multiple elan performance report earthshaking improvements, whereas others report no such(prenominal)(prenominal) effect (Mujika, 1996). The main reasons for discrepancies in the results of different investigations are the use of low subject numbers, alter creatine doses, varied test durations, and poor randomization. For these reasons this postulate allow use a high number of subjects in a double blind fashion, with a dosage of 20 grams per daytime for the first 5 old age followed by 5 grams a day for the remainder of the muse. The get word leave continue for a duration of 8 weeks.Creatine monohydrate supplementation is popular in athletes participating in military posture and power sports. Creatine use is thought to be sound for enhancing performance of activities that involve repeated intervals of flair type exercises with short rest periods. First, an increase in PCr stores should increase the contribution of PCr for the resynthesis and decrease the demand from glycolysis which give result in a smaller accumulation of lactic acid. Then, when PCr is broken down to rephosphorylate ADP, a hydrogen ion is consumed in the reaction. Therefore, an increase in PCr could delay the onset of acidosis and outwear and thus improve performance in repeated bouts of sprinting (Chilibeck Cornish, 2006).A field of view performed on the sprint performance of 19 highly proficient male soccer players using creatine supplementation, consisted of six maximum 15 meter runs with a 30 second recovery period. The results of the workplace allowed the investigators to conclude that acute Cr supplementation favorably affected repeated sprint performance, however intermittent endurance performance was not affect by Cr (Mujika Padilla, 1998).Another study do by Mujika in 1996, involved sprint performance among twenty highly trained swimmers. Unlike the other studies mentioned, this study showed no real improvements in sprint performance among competitive swimmers, therefore according to these results creatine supplementation cannot be considered as an ergogenic aid (Mujika, 1996).A study using the 30 second maximal cycle test, overly known as the Wingate test, inconjunction with creatine supplementation also showed no ergogenic advance. 20 grams of creatine supplementation for 3 days did not increase resting ponderousness PCr, nor did it affect the single short term maximal cycling performance. A possible explanation for this is that the duration of the test was excessively short to produce and significant muscular kinds (Odland et al., 1997).Most studies have investigated the effects of creatine supplementation using cycle ergometry, this study leave alone involve real(a) sprinters performing repeated sprints with relatively short rest periods performing to exhaustion. Also, there is little to no research on the lengthened effects of creatine supplementation, so the length of the study will be 8 weeks.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMWhile many studies exist pertaining th e effects of creatine supplementation on strength, power, and endurance, a couple of(prenominal) studies exist investigating the effects of creatine supplementation on sprint performance on trained sprinters. The results of prior studies have noted many discrepancies such as research done by Mujika (1996) and Glaister (2006). Not enough evidence exists on the effects of creatine supplementation on sprint performance specifically the effect it has on trained individuals.PURPOSE OF THE STUDYThe purpose of this study is to examine the effects of creatine monohydrate supplementation on sprint performance in 50 NCAA colligate track and field athletes. These participants will go through an eight week supplementation and reading period where they will be quantify pre and post supplementation on a weekly basis in the carbon and 200 meter runs.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDYMost research on creatine has focused on short-term creatine loading and its effect on high intensity performance capacit y. Some studies have investigated the effect of prolonged creatine use during strength training. However, studies on the effects of prolonged creatine supplementation on sprint performance are wishinging. Due to this lack of information, this study will provide more data on the effects of prolonged creatine supplementation and its effects on sprint performance.RESEARCH HYPOTHESESThere will be a significant difference between the group which supplements with creatine and the check into group in term of improvements in sprint performance. Improvements will be considered to be an improvement in time trials.The creatine group will have significant improvements in sprint performance compared to the control group.There will be more of a significant improvement in the 200 meter sprint times as opposed to the vitamin C meter sprint times.N) There will be no significant differences in terms of sprint performance between the creatine group and the control group.DEFINITION OF footingPerfor mance Improvement- Performance improvement for sprints will be when one records a better time than a previous testFatigue- temporary loss of strength and energy resulting from hard physical workExhaustion- extreme fatigue debilitation serious weakening and loss of energyASSUMPTIONSIt is assumed that all subjects in the study will not be doing any other training regimen aside from the one included within the study.It is assumed that all subjects in the study are not using any other supplements during the course of the study.It is assumed that the all subjects are following protocol of the study and not deviating in any way.It is assumed that the subjects are training and performing to their maximal efforts.DELIMITATIONSThe study has been delimited to collegiate track and field athletes.The study has been delimited to athletes who compete in the 100 and 200 meter events.LIMITATIONSSubjects are not following protocol correctly.Subjects are not performing to maximal efforts.Subjects are taking other supplements during the course of the study.Subjects change their dietary patterns mid way through the course of the study.REVIEW OF LITERATUREMost studies investigating the ergogenic value of creatine supplementation have reported significant increases in strength, power, sprint performance, and accumulation of performed work during multiple sets of maximal effort. These improvements are generally attributed to increase total creatine and phosphocreatine content in operative muscles leading to more efficient resynthesis of PCr and enhance quality of training adaptations.Recent investigations by Mujika and Padilla (2000) have focused on the possible ergogenic value of supplementing the athletes diet with about 20 g/d of creatine monohydrate for a week. It has often been shown that this type of creatine supplementation can result in increased total muscle creatine and phosphocreatine concentrations. Some studies have also shown that this elevated intramuscular phosphoc reatine can enhance the rate of ATP and phosphocreatine resynthesis after high intensity efforts, causing a delayed onset of muscular fatigue and an increased performance during repeated bouts of high intensity exercise.A study affect by anecdotal reports of gains in strength and lean body mass in conjunction with Cr supplementation investigated the use of lower doses of creatine monohydrate for extended periods during heavy resistance training. Using 16 collegiate football player which were randomly separated into creatine and placebo groups. Cr groups ingested 5 grams of creatine monohydrate while the placebo ingested a placebo capsule, both of which took their capsules for a 10 week period. The results confirmed that 10 weeks of creatine monohydrate supplementing while participating in resistance training program will significantly increase strength and power compared with placebo supplementation. The result also indicates that Cr supplementation over the long term can be effe ct without a whopping dose loading phase (Pearson, 1999).Francaux and Poortmans (1999) used 25 healthy males participating in a 42 day training period followed by a 21 day detraining period. Creatine and placebo were given over a period of 9 weeks. Subjects ingested 21 grams of Cr for 5 days followed by 3 grams per day for 58 days. There were no changes observed in body mass for the control or placebo groups, while the Cr groups had in average increase in body weight by 2 kg. The increase was partially attributed to body water content, however the relative volumes of body water compartments remained constant, thus the gain in body mass cannot be attributed to water retention, but most likely to dry matter growth accompanied with a normal water volume.It has also been reported that Cr supplementation may improve single effort and repetitive sprint performance, particularly those last from 6- 30 seconds with a 5 min rest for recovery between sprints. A study performed by Dawson et al . found that Cr supplementation significantly increased work performed during the first six 6 second cycle ergometry. These result are supported by a identical study by Schneider who reported at supplementation with Cr was associated with significant improvement in cycle ergometer sprints with 60 second recovery time.In a study concerning Cr supplementation in professional rugger players, they were directed to take a loading phase consisting of 20 grams per day for 4 days once a month. This loading phase was then followed by a 3 week abstinence period. After the third loading cycle, the players were surveyed on compliance, preferred time and use of goods and services method, perceived side effects and perceived benefits. The results of this survey included 35.3% reporting being fatigued less quickly, 29.4% reported quicker recovery from sprint type activities, and 23.5% reported faster recovery from training sessions. The study concluded that Cr supplementation may be useful in s ports which require repeated sprint efforts and can be advantageous in both training and performance (Meir, 1995).It has been suggested by Mujika et al. (2000) that highly trained athletes who participate in sports in which performance relies on repeated efforts could benefit from creatine ingestion by means of an increased ability to perform intermittent high-intensity exercise either during training or competition. There have also been recent reports claiming that most studies not only do not use highly trained athletes as subjects, most of the studies cited above were conducted under laboratory conditions, and none of them assessed the effects of the creatine supplementation on performance during single specific athletic events. Recently reported results suggest that highly trained subjects performing sport-specific activities do not benefit from creatine ingestion (Mujika, 1996).There have also been a number of studies which report no ergogenic benefit from Cr supplementation. F or example, one study by off et al. (1996) used male and female swimmers from the Australian National Team who supplemented with Cr for a 5 day period using 20 grams each day. This study did not show any enhancement due to Cr supplementation in 25m,50m, or 100m swims with a 10 min recovery period. Given such a long recovery period, ATP recovery should be recovered with our without Cr supplementation, therefore an increase in performance is not expect. A similar study involving swimmers was conducted by Mujika in 1996. This study also reported no performance increases between Cr and placebo groups, but did report a gain in body weight among the Cr group. This increase in weight could result in a increase in drag force and could alter the cleverness of a swimmers stroke.A study pertaining to maximal sprint performance on a cycle ergometer after Cr supplementation was conducted by vitamin C et al. (1998) The subjects were untrained men, who ingested 30 grams of creatine for a 5 day period. The results indicated that this dose of supplementation increase total creatine levels but did not improve sprint exercise performance on the cycle ergometer. These results are supported by similar studies by Finn et al. (2001) and Odland (1997).A recent study done in 2003, by Delecluse et al. examined the impact of a 7 day, high dosage of Cr supplementation on single and intermittent sprint performance in highly trained sprinters. Each subject ingested 0.35g of Cr per kg of body weight. Maximal sprint performance, degree of fatigue at the end of exercise, and degree of recovery all showed no difference compared to a placebo group.A review of previous studies concerning the topic of Cr supplementation show that Cr has been show to be a powerful aid in increasing strength and power related to sprint performance. Other studies however, have shown no improvements in strength, power, or overall sprint performance in conjunction with Cr supplementation. These discrepancies in res ults can possibly be attributed to differences in length of supplementation, exercise criterion, dosages, or subject response.METHODOLOGYSUBJECTSAn email was sent to ten different division one schools asking their coaches if their track squad would be willing to participate in an off-season supplementation program within a study that is being conducted at the University of Scranton. Due to the lack of a track and field team, we had to contact other schools in the area and see if there track team would participate. The coach from Lehigh University responded allowing his team to participate in this supplementation program. A written consent was obtained from the all 50 participants after they were thoroughly informed of the purpose and potency risks of participating in the study. either experimental procedures were approved by the Exercise Science Committee of the University of Scranton. All subjects were members of the same team and were competing at a guinea pig level at the tim e of the study.TESTING PROCEDURESAll of our testing will take place at the University of Scrantons gym facilities. This study will use a pretest-posttest randomized-groups design. Our subjects will be evenly divided into two groups. One will be the control group, and the other the experimental group. Both the researchers and subjects will lack information as to which group is which. Each group will come in for a pre-training assessment evaluation that will last the first week of the study. Each participant will be timed in the 100 and 200 meter runs to establish prior times and speeds before supplementation begins. All of the timed trials will be supervised by experienced exercise physiologists found in our team here at the University of Scranton.During weeks two through sevenerer is when supplementation will occur. Creatine (Cr) monohydrate will be administered to the supplementation group. This supplementation group will ingest four 5-g doses of Cr monohydrate per day for 6 days . The control or placebo group will take the same dosage of a carbohydrate solution as the supplementation group. Weeks collar to seven will cut back to just one 5-g dose a day for 6 days. By week eight, all supplementation will end. The subjects will be given a three day period of no supplementation and will be timed once again in the 100 and 200 meter runs to see if any significant difference occurred in pre-test times.During the two to seven week period, all subjects will come in three times a week (Monday, Wednesday, and Friday) and complete the following training regiment, once in the morning and once in the afternoon. All subjects will be expected to continue all off-season training that will be administered by their coaches.Repeated sprint test (RST). A study conducted by Mujika et. all in 2000 lead to believe that the repeated sprint tests were a practical training regimen that could be used within this study. Subjects will perform six maximal 15-m sprints that will have 3 0 seconds of recovery between each. Each sprint will begin on the blocks, and once the sprint has commenced, subjects will pass through a photocell gate (Newtest OY, Oulu, Finland) position 0.4 m above the ground, which will start a digital timer. Additional photocell gates will be placed at 5 m and 15 m, which record elapsed and final times.Intermittent endurance test (IET). This testing procedure was also done by Mujika et. all in 2000 that was also appropriate for the training regimen in this study. This test lasts 16.5 minutes, during which subjects will alternate between forty 15 seconds bouts of high-intensity exercise and 39 10 second low intensity exercise bouts. During the high-intensity periods, subjects will follow and outlined duty tour around Fitzpatrick field, running 40 m forward, and 8.25 m backwards, 95.25 m forward, 8.25 m sideways while facing away from the center of the circuit, and 8.25 m sideways while facing the center of the circuit. During the low-intensi ty periods, subjects will jog to the center of the circuit and back to the position they reached during previous high-intensity period. The test results in the distance covered during 40 periods of high-intensity running.STATISTICAL ANALYSISValues will be expressed as mean +/- standard deviation. The level of statistical significance will be defined as P

Affirmative Action Is Not the Solution Essays -- Affirmative Action Es

Affirmative action is a social policy created to promote the benefit of minorities by supporting the idea that individuals are all created equal and should non be judged by race or gender. Therefore, in locatings like job and university applications, we should hire minorities to be as feasible a choice for hire as a lily-white male candidate, taking into consideration their background. In short, it tries to give minorities that suck up been at a disadvantage their whole life, an opportunity to equal the play field by providing a broader context by which to measure an applicant or prospective employee. In the end, however, this goal is non realized. Instead, superficial quotas are effected and the discrimination that was once placed on the minorities now turns the other way. One of the arguments against approbative action is that it injures white men and violates their rights. If were to take a closer front at the affirmative action laws, we can see why this would be true. For example, permits take a hypothetical situation of two males, peerless white and another individual who happens to be a minority, both sending in college applications to Harvard to compete for admission. Unfortunately, the university only has one available spot and must root between the white individual and the minority. The white male has slightly better grades and preferably a few more volunteer hours, while both of them excelled in sports and completed two foreign languages. Under the current affirmative action policies, the minority would probably get the final position because of the perceived need for heathen diversity in the college atmosphere, despite the fact that he did not have the stronger academic credentials. Would this be considered just? In this case not only would affirmative action be serving an injustice to the white individual, but it would also abet create a loophole by indirectly establishing a legal cast of characters of discrimination. The counterp oint to this argument is that although affirmative action creates a larger obstacle for white men to achieve, such measures are necessary in order to breakage the cycle of de facto employment and school discrimination. However, this does not seem to be a legitimate counterpoint. If we take a look at another hypothetical situation we can see why it is not ... ... However, this argument is not compelling, as the better way to increase productivity and improve the economy is to hire on merit. Hiring based on something other than objective merit may result in economic inefficiency and a less fit staff. If minorities have a qualified resume and are available, they will meet the criteria of the employer. Once again, it is more effective to traverse the disease itself, rather than to stoop down to the same level and take away to treat the symptoms. In athletics, for example, in spite of past discrimination blacks have excelled, not because standards were lowered but because barriers were eliminated. Now more than ever blacks comprise the largest ethnical group in professional sports and have come to dominate some of the virtually lucrative sports such as football and basketball, and are now employ their earned social capital to give back to their communities to help others along the way. This is a prime example of how minorities can be helped without lowering the standard by which others are also measured by. To improve our standards as a whole, we must pip the ball and kitchen range on minorities, rather than adding a heavier ball and chain on whites. Affirmative Action Is Not the Solution Essays -- Affirmative Action EsAffirmative action is a social policy created to promote the welfare of minorities by supporting the idea that individuals are all created equal and should not be judged by race or gender. Therefore, in situations like job and university applications, we should consider minorities to be as feasible a choice for hire as a w hite male candidate, taking into consideration their background. In short, it tries to give minorities that have been at a disadvantage their whole life, an opportunity to equal the playing field by providing a broader context by which to measure an applicant or prospective employee. In the end, however, this goal is not realized. Instead, superficial quotas are established and the discrimination that was once placed on the minorities now turns the other way. One of the arguments against affirmative action is that it injures white men and violates their rights. If were to take a closer look at the affirmative action laws, we can see why this would be true. For example, lets take a hypothetical situation of two males, one white and another individual who happens to be a minority, both sending in college applications to Harvard to compete for admission. Unfortunately, the university only has one available spot and must decide between the white individual and the minority. The white ma le has slightly better grades and quite a few more volunteer hours, while both of them excelled in sports and completed two foreign languages. Under the current affirmative action policies, the minority would probably get the final position because of the perceived need for ethnic diversity in the college atmosphere, despite the fact that he did not have the stronger academic credentials. Would this be considered just? In this case not only would affirmative action be serving an injustice to the white individual, but it would also help create a loophole by indirectly establishing a legal form of discrimination. The counterpoint to this argument is that although affirmative action creates a larger obstacle for white men to achieve, such measures are necessary in order to break the cycle of de facto employment and school discrimination. However, this does not seem to be a valid counterpoint. If we take a look at another hypothetical situation we can see why it is not ... ... However, this argument is not compelling, as the best way to increase productivity and improve the economy is to hire on merit. Hiring based on something other than objective merit may result in economic inefficiency and a less qualified staff. If minorities have a qualified resume and are available, they will meet the criteria of the employer. Once again, it is more effective to treat the disease itself, rather than to stoop down to the same level and discriminate to treat the symptoms. In athletics, for example, in spite of past discrimination blacks have excelled, not because standards were lowered but because barriers were eliminated. Now more than ever blacks comprise the largest ethnic group in professional sports and have come to dominate some of the most lucrative sports such as football and basketball, and are now using their earned social capital to give back to their communities to help others along the way. This is a prime example of how minorities can be helped without lowering the standard by which others are also measured by. To improve our standards as a whole, we must remove the ball and chain on minorities, rather than adding a heavier ball and chain on whites.