Landscape Photography Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Landscape Photography - Assignment Example When you want to create the landscape photograph, you are suppose to look for predominant features to be the center of interest for example, when photographing landscape and the sun is setting, the center of interest will be sun. When taking a photograph you must choose the color of the day. Try to go out and make the images of that color the dominant element to an image. Find more different ways to possibly perform that. Also choose the shape and create images which will use the shape in a way that is interesting. This could the encompass in architecture, an art, or a juxtaposition of the multiple structures. The reflection of a photograph is a powerful element; reflection could be looked as the element in the work of taking photograph whether in landscape or portrait or the still life. Before you start composing the still-life of an image, the first thing to decide is the subject. The common subjects of the still-life images are natural objects like flowers, sea shell, leaves, birds nest, food, and many more that are man-made items. The still-life shoot is usually inspired by the color of a certain fruits in seasons, the light beauty falling to a collection of things like wine corks, or even the memory of the mothers using the old sets of dishes. Still-life photograph is commonly used in advertisement for example, showing a case of a product. When you select the main subject, start assembling your set for example by arranging the subject and any other item that may bring the factors of composition to the surface on which the photograph is to be taken. This can be achieved through setting the necessary lights, reflectors and any other equipment. Place the major subjects set first; then build the composition by removing or adding the objects until there is achievement of desired

Enron scandal Essay Example for Free

Enron scandal Essay Enron shocked the world from being â€Å"America’s most innovative company† to Americas biggest corporate bankruptcy at its time. At its peak, Enron was Americas seventh largest corporation.From the 1990s until the fall of 2001, Enron was famous throughout the business world and was known as an innovator, technology powerhouse, and a corporation with no fear. The sudden fall of Enron in the end of 2001 shattered not just the business world but also the lives of their employees. Enron gave the illusion that it was a steady company with good revenue but that was not the case, a large part of Enron’s profits were made of paper. Their huge debts and information about hiding losses gave a big problem to the company and in the late 2001 Enron declared bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the United States Bankruptcy Code. Kenneth Lay (Founder and CEO), Jeffrey Skilling (CEO) and Andy Fastow (CFO) found that Enron wasnt making money so what they did is implemented along with the approval of Arthur Andersen the future value accounting. This type of accounting was to predict the future profit that Enron was going to make and list it as part of there future profit to the shareholders. This creative accounting lead to Fastow to create outside companies that were directly involved with Enron to hide the losses the companies made. These companies were named after Star Wars characters. As Enron announced big numbers to Wall Street, people began to take notice of this company and started to buy shares of the company. Enron even encouraged their employees to buy shares of Enron and the price of Enron was going up to as high as $90. Enron executives were bullies to the investment companies. When a financial adviser questioned their firms regarding Enron stock, Enron would pay the firm to get rid of the employee. As Enron got bigger, the company was collecting more losses and hiding them well. Enron hit the top when their stock hit $90 and then things were starting to fall apart. A writer at Forbes magazine called Enron tell ing them that she was going to release an article about Enron and not releasing their financial statements. Enron executives flew to New York telling her not to release the article but the next week, Forbes released the article questioning Enrons financial.

Health Promotion Activity for HIV

Health Promotion Activity for HIV Health promotion about raising awareness of Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV). Group members Grace Gaisey, Ethel Onyewuotu, Isabelle Bialan, John Daramewa, Nana Sarpong- Mensah and Peace Uzoma. Introduction This essay highlights assessing, planning, implementing and the evaluation of a health promotion activity on HIV. The World Health Organisation (WHO), 2013) defines HIV as a virus which infects the cells in the immune system by destroying its function to a stage that infections may begin to occur as a result of weakening the immune system. Assessment of Health Need Health needs assessment is an efficient method in reviewing health issues involving a population which leads to approved priorities and allocation of resources that assist in the improvement of health and reduce inequalities (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE), 2009). This is beneficial as it contributes to the description patterns of disease in a local population and the differences from other location, such as districts, regional or national disease patterns such as HIV as it is a pandemic disease (National Aids Trust (NAT), 2014), and creates the opportunity in learning more about the needs and priorities of the local population to provide the objectives needed to work towards meeting those needs (Wright, Wilkinson and Williams, 2009). Epidemiology and demographic statistics Naidoo and Wills (2009) defined epidemiology as the study of occurrence and spread of disease in a population. Demography on the other hand is the size, composition and the distribution of human populations and their changes resulting from fertility and mortality (Dudley, Poston Bouvier, 2010). HIV is a transmitted disease with almost 75 million people infected with the virus worldwide, with data trends indicating it has increased as 36 million people were living with HIV by the end of 2012 (WHO, 2014). It has also been estimated that the 75 million infected with HIV caught the virus by means of transmission, such as sexual intercourse and mother to child transmission (WHO, 2013). For instance, it has been estimated that 5.1 million of children worldwide have been infected with HIV through mother to child transmission (NAT, 2013). Thus, early infant diagnosis is being scaled up in many countries, but in 2011 only 35% of the infants born to mothers living with HIV received HIV test and has been increased by 46% between 2010 and 2012 from 2.4 million to 3.5million (WHO, 2013). The demographic statistics from data trends indicates that, about 36 million people have died of HIV globally since 2012 compared to 30.3 million people in 2001 which shows an increase of 17% (WHO, 2014). Although the mortality among the population are infants aged 1-5 years and has increased with 3.34 million (NAT, 2013). HIV causes mortality among adults, however, according to estimates by WHO (2013), infants who has HIV are more likely to die between the ages of 1 and 5 years, respectively, with 2.3 million dying as a result while adults have the likelihood of dying between 15 and 60 years. Target group The target group for this HP activity is 15-24 years as statistics shown by the Public Health England (PHE) (2013) indicate young people under 25 are more at risk of contracting HIV with a peak age of women between 15-20 years and 20-24 for men. This has been indicated as a public health issue in many countries as 40% of new HIV infections are seen among 15 to 24 year olds (PHE, 2013). WHO (2013) further corresponded stating, half of the 75 million people infected with HIV in the world are young women aged 15 to 20 years, accounting for all new infections, and there is a growing recognition that these women and girls with HIV infection is shaped by gender inequalities and violence against them. Behavioral aspects that might affect this health issue. According to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease (2014), behavioral aspects that can affect the risk of HIV includes individual sexuality and self-esteem. For instance, research indicates that most ongoing risk behaviour for HIV transmission has been described for men who have sex with men (MSM) (NAT, 2014). It has also been estimated that, 10 million people of MSM are living with HIV globally and in 41,100 in the UK in 2012 which has been increasing in the recent years, making public health experts have concerns about the rising rate among MSM (NAT, 2014). Policies In 2013, World Health Organisation published a global policy in which they provided recommendations on HIV testing and counselling. They estimated that about 20 million adolescents aged 10-24 years are living with HIV worldwide with half of them unaware of their infection. This policy aims at giving a high priority to enhance access to HIV testing and counselling globally, which is beneficial as it involve the improvement of health and is appropriate for the HP activity as advising people on HIV testing and offering counselling gives the opportunity to care, treatment and support for people and permit them to know their status (British HIV Association, 2014). In addition, the policy also outlined the need for giving sufficient information on HIV awareness and an early diagnosis and treatment as it can reduce the progression and the prevention of HIV transmission. Thus, the WHO (2013) corresponded by recommending that HIV testing and counselling should be offered in global hospitals as this will assist the diagnosis and management of the infection. In the UK, the NAT (2012) provides a policy based on HIV prevention and its aim is to promote health of the UK population with a prevention of an HIV test action plan to reduce late diagnosis of HIV in the UK. This is a relevant policy as HIV has become a generalised epidemic in the UK that affects the health and well being of enormous people from all social classes (NAT, 2014). HIV is not only a health issue, but also a developmental issue that affects the social, cultural, political and the economics of the country (British HIV Association, 2014) as it is associated with serious morbidity that includes a high cost of treatment and care (PHE, 2013). The initiative of this policy is to facilitate an increase in HIV testing in all healthcare settings in order to reduce the proportion of individuals who are unaware of their HIV infection with the motive of benefitting the individual and the public health. This is vital as maintaining focus on increasing regular HIV testing is a key component of the prevention and care of the people in raising the awareness of HIV of the people in the UK. As a result, the UK national guidelines for HIV testing from the British HIV Association, (2008) recommends that an HIV test should be offered to all newly registering patients in general practice and general hospital admissions and promote the awareness of HIV which will assist in reducing late diagnosis of HIV. Type of needs According to NICE (2008), an understanding of the assessment of health needs requires a definition of need which indicates the capacity of a benefit from an intervention. Bradshaw (1972) suggests there are four dimensions of need; however, the Bradshaw need chosen was the normative need as it is based on professional judgement (Coles Porter, 2008). It creates the need for professionals to identify standard requirements (Gruen Black, 2006). For instance, the WHO (2013) recommended that HIV testing should be offered in global hospitals. This indicates a health need as data indicates that most people are unaware of their infection (NAT, 2013). Approach Ewles and Simnett (2003) model comprises of five approaches to health promotion which consists of medical approach, behavioural change approach, educational approach, societal change approach and client-centred approach. Thus, the educational approach was chosen as having an educational approach in health promotion offers individual information to ascertain health benefits for themselves (Ewles and Simnett, 2003). The health belief model is seen to be the most common theory used in health promotion, providing the benefits of educational approach (Glanz, Rimer Viswanath, 2008). The model is essential for addressing problem behaviours that raises health concerns (Black, Hawk Keene, 2006). For example, high risk of sexual behaviour and the possibility of contracting HIV, this is an identification of individual behaviours. Willz (2007) further suggested that health professionals need to be mindful of this model so as to enable them in educating and promoting health in individuals from various cultural and ethnic groups. The strength of the educational approach is based on the fact that it permits people to make an informed decision about their health by providing knowledge and information to different cultural and ethnic groups which the health belief model corresponds to. However, Naidoo and Wills (2009) further explain that the educational approach differs from the other approaches as it does not use reinforcement to achieve its aim which is a limitation. The Royal College of Nursing (2011) corresponded with this view advocating that the role of the nurse is to inform and not persuade. Aims and Objectives The group had aims and objectives to ensure everyone recognizes what needs to be achieved. For that reason, the group identified the aim as raising awareness for HIV and with the objectives that comprises participants will be able to identify the main differences between HIV and AIDS, identify the symptoms of HIV and the safest option to fight off the menace, able to understand three risk factors of transmitting HIV and identify three places to access information on HIV. Evaluation Stufflebeam and Shinkfield (2007) explained health promotion evaluation as a process that is concerned with assessing health related activity against the goals in a way that results and contributes to future decision making. In addition, Black, Hawks Keene (2006) further stated that evaluation is made so as to determine if aims and objectives have been met and determine the efficiency of the methods used. This is vital as without evaluation, the idea of if objectives are met would not be known and also problems and weakness encountered would not be seen to rectify. Thorogood and Coombes (2010) states there are three stages of evaluation in health promotion; this includes process, impact and outcome. In the process of the health promotion activity, the group utilised a method of approach so as to achieve the aims and objectives. Thus, the educational approach was chosen as the group used educational materials such as penis model as an illustration on safe use of condom, posters which were clear and easy to read, distributed leaflets to assist in expanding the knowledge of the participants on HIV awareness as Linsley, Kane and Owen (2011) states, good quality health information leaflets assist individuals to make informed choices about their health. In addition, Health belief model (1974) suggests that, people need to have some kind of knowledge, such as information given to them through leaflets and posters to take actions in changing their behaviour or make a health related decision. The interactions that took place during the health promotion(HP) activity was done through raising awareness of HIV to our target group by explaining and discussing the health issue with the participants and after giving a questionnaire for them to answer to enable the group gather information on as to whether the objectives has been met. The impact evaluation involves in assessing the activity in regards of the aims and objectives set by the group. Naidoo and Wills (2008) state that the impact evaluation is the immediate effect the health promotion have on people. Essentially, this refers to the measurement of what has been achieved by the group. The questionnaire given to the participants were analysed by the group which indicated that 87% in 27 people tick the right answer and 3 people in 13% had the wrong answer. From the evaluation carried out, 13% of the participants answered the questionnaire wrongly because it was distributed to them before explaining what the health issue was about. Out of the 30 questions set, only 3 participants had it wrong, which means the group was able to expand the knowledge of the participants and their understanding on HIV. Green and Kreuter (2008) explained outcome evaluation measures as the long term effects of HP activity and whether it has achieved its goals. The outcome effect of the HP activity will be difficult for the group to identify as it there will be a follow up which will be difficult to contact participants again. There are some improvements that could have been made to improve the HP activity. Hence, demonstration of the penis model should be kept in a discreet position and not visible to the audience so as to not be seen as offensive to others. In addition, the standing poster should be clear and group members must ensure it is not blocked from the audience whiles interacting with them. Royal College of nursing (2007) states health promoters are in the contribution to improving the health of the public. Thus, their role as a health promoter is to plan and develop ways that assist people improve and manage their health. Linsley, Kane and Owen (2011) further corresponded saying health promoters must have an evidence-based understanding of the important effects that can be made through health promotion interventions and communicating with people to develop their awareness of activities leading to better health and become knowledgeable about their own health status which will improve the overall health population. The HP activity on raising awareness on HIV could be carried out in Gum clinics within the target group of 15- 24 years. According to French (2009), people can go to gum clinics no matter their age. As stated by the RCN (2012), nurses are health promoters and in an ideal position to influence the people they interact with in order to empower positive health outcomes. Thus, the role of the nurse as a health promoter is to provide advice and support through one to one interventions with clients to improve their sexual health (French, 2009). The nurse can also implement guidance on prevention and risk reduction support of HIV to clients by providing relevant information, leaflets and condoms so as to raise their awareness on HIV. Conclusion This essay has outlined a health promotion activity based on raising awareness of HIV, with a health need assessments and target population identified. The essay has also outlined epidemiology and the demographic trends associated with health policies that govern it. The writer also identified the approaches and the aims and objectives with an evaluation of the effectiveness of the health promotion activity and the role of the health promoter. References Bradshaw ref. Black, M., Hawks H., Keene, M. (2006).Evaluation in health promotion.6th (ed). Philadelphia: Elsevier Mosby. British HIV Association.(2014). UK National Guideline for HIV Testing. London: BHIVA. Coles, L. Porter, E. (2008). Public health skills. A practical guide for nurses and publich health practitioners. Oxford: Blackwell. Croyle, R. T. (2005). Theory at a Glance: Application to Health Promotion and Health Behaviour. 2nd (ed). Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. Available at www.thecommunityguide.org. Dudley. L., Poston, J. Bouvier, F. (2010). Population and society. An introduction to demography. New York: Cambridge University Press. Ewles,L. Simnett, I. (2003).Promoting Health -A Practical Guide. 5th (ed). Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall. French, K. (2009). Sexual Health. Chichester: Blackwell Publication. Glanz, K., Rimer. B., Viswanath, K. (2008).Health behaviour and health education. 4th (ed). San Francisco: J. Wiley. Green, L.W. Kreuter, M.W. (2008).Health promotion planning: an educational and environmental approach. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield. Gruen, R. Black, N. (2006). Understanding health services. Berkshire: Open university press. Linsley, P., Kane. R., and Owen, S. (2011). Nursing for public health promotion, principles and practice. Oxford: Oxford university press. National Aids Trust.(2012). HIV testing, action plan. London: NAT. National Aids Trust.(2014). Men who have sex with men (MSM). London: NAT. Naidoo,J. and Wills, J. (2009). Foundations for Health Promotion. Edinburgh: Bailliere Tindall Elsevier. Naidoo, J. Wills, J. (2008).Health Promotion Foundations for Practice. London: BailliereTindall. Public Health England. (2013). HIV in the United Kingdom: 2013 report. London: PHE. Public Health England. (2013). HIV in the UK: 2013 Report. London: PHE. Royal College of Nursing. (2011). Informed consent in health and social care research: RCN guidance for nurses. 2nd (ed). London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing. (2012). Nurses contribution to public health: prevents, promote and protect. London: RCN. Royal College of Nursing. (2007). Nurses as partners in delivering public health. London: RCN. Thorogood, M. Coombes, Y. (2010). Evaluating Health Promotion. (3rd ed.). Oxford: Oxford university press. Wills, J. (2007).Promoting Health. Oxford: Blackwell. World Health Organisation. (2013). Global update on HIV treatment: Result, impacts and opportunities. Geneva: WHO. World Health Organisation. (2013). HIV and adolescents: Guidance for HIV testing and counselling and care for adolescents living with HIV. Geneva: WHO. Wright. J., Wilkinson, R. J., Williams. R. (2009). Development and importance of health needs assessment. British medical journal, 316(7140), 1310- 1313. United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2009). Health needs assessment: A practical guide. London: NICE. United Kingdom: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2008). Health needs assessment at a glance. London: NICE.

John Proctor vs. Minister Dimmesdale :: essays research papers

John Proctor was a main character in Arthur Miller’s â€Å"The Crucible.† He was a farmer in Salem, Massachusetts in the 1600’s. He was put to death when he would not admit to practicing witchcraft. Minister Dimmesdale was a main character in Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"The Scarlet Letter.† He fathered a child out of wedlock in a sinful relationship, and fell to his death when he couldn’t take the guilt any longer. John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale had several things in common, but also had several differences.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale were involved in sinful relationships. John Proctor had an affair with a young girl named Abigail Williams even though he was married to Elizabeth Proctor. Minister Dimmesdale fathered the child of Hester Prynne while she was married to Roger Chillingworth. Both men had relationships that were looked down upon by society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Neither John Proctor nor Minister Dimmesdale wanted to admit to their sins at first. Elizabeth Proctor knew of John’s affair, but he did not admit it to the townspeople until Abigail Williams accused Elizabeth of witchcraft. John Proctor knew the only reason that Abigail had done this was because Elizabeth had fired her due to the affair. Minister Dimmesdale lived with his guilt for several years before he admitted to being the father of Pearl. Hester Prynne and Minister Dimmesdale were going to escape on a ship and live together as a family. But, when this did not happen, Dimmesdale could no longer take the guilt. He stood on a scaffold with Hester and Pearl, admitted his sin, and fell to his death. Both John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale waited before confessing to their sinful relationships.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both John Proctor and Minister Dimmesdale died by telling the truth. John Proctor could have admitted to being a witch and saved his own life. But, he chose to do the moral thing and stick to the truth. He told the truth, and died for what he believed in. Minister Dimmesdale also died by telling the truth. He lived for several years as the guilt continued to build up inside of him. He fell to his death on the scaffold after he told the townspeople he was indeed the father of Pearl. Both men’s lives ended when the truth was revealed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although both men had sinful relationships, these relationships were also very different. John Proctor had an affair with Abigail Williams. But, he did not love her.

Principle Agent Moral Hazard

The major issue was that the commercial banks overstressed in such mortgage backed securities. Another part of the story Is that Basel I accords are credited with giving seeds to the idea of all things that could lead to recession and Basel II Is credited with magnifying Its Impact. Formed In 1988 and adopted by 1992, Basel I accords were a set of rules and regulations, to be adopted by GIG countries, that allotted different risk ratings to various types of assets held by banks. Assets, here, referred to bonds, mortgages undo etc.It took a long time for the economies to realist the problems associated with such types of system. For example, in such a framework a commercial bank was permitted to keep aside no liquid capital if it had all government bonds or gold as assets. This was so because such assets were considered safe. Further, it was required of them to keep aside small percentages of capital for every mortgage, commercial loan or bonds they Issued. With the introduction of Ba sel 2, the list was expanded to bonds backed by debts like ar or property loans and yet had to keep only a 2 percent of spare capital.Flip side to this was that the bonds ought to have AAA or AAA credit ratings from the government. Statistics tell that Just prior to the recession, 81 percent of all Mortgage backed securities held by the commercial banks had AAA credit rating. Further, 93 percent of all mortgage-backed securities held by these banks had AAA credit rating or held bonds Issued by a government-sponsored enterprise. Now this Is where the role of moral hazard comes Into play.When Basel I and abstinently Basel II accords were Introduced, the primary aim of the developed economies was to encourage consumer spending and Investments by the banks. It was not completely unforeseeable for everyone to realize that backing debt or junk manipulating credit ratings, economies tried to create a self-fulfilling system that provided for feed as well as fed upon its own. The bankers wer e in turn incentives to take risks of high magnitude, with all the depositors' money in hand, believing that there is a government always backing them.Soon the entire system gave away. This created a bigger moral hazard. How to minimize such problems? TO reduce such a problem of Principal Agent problem leading to recession, it is imperative that the regulators are on their toes. In USA, SEC did not take proper steps to ensure that the Rating agencies don't rate securities high without any strong backing to do so. Also the FIDE, the Fed, the Comptroller of the Currency, and the Office of Thrift Supervision relied blindly on the ratings given by the Credit rating agencies.Therefore, all rules and regulations given under law should be implemented properly and Justly by the regulators. The government should also ensure the timely passage of relevant legal provision and bills. Also, although Basel Ill accords have been adopted and implemented by most of the countries and the deadline is 2019 for it, the present market conditions show that the Minimum Capital requirements need an overhaul as well. Hence, Basel 4 could be started to be worked upon with refined changes and the governments should follow the rules under such requirements.

Sheena Pugh’s ‘The craft I left in was called Esau’ Poetry Analysis

We have been studying 3 of Sheena Pugh's poems which all relate to earth and mankind . In poem one titled ‘the craft I left in was called Esau' , it shows the weary travellers that had to leave earth for one reason or another in a timid and nervous mood , simply searching for a new place to live. The poem makes the reader feel tense almost waiting for something to happen. The fact they had to leave portrays a sense of imminent danger , the fact they scratched the word Esau on the door makes it seem like it was done in haste as if to say they could have been wiped out at any moment. The name Esau on the door relates to the bible story when Esau sells his heritage to his brother Jacob for a bowl of pottage which is to say that we've abused the earth. The second poem we read was called ‘Do you think we'll ever get to see earth sir? ‘ and it shows our characters taking trips to see earth like sightseers . Our teacher Christie stating the ideas concepts pointlessness as there is hardly anything to see. The third poem was called ‘Geography 1' and is about an island called Surtsey which was actually a volcano. This means that in the order of poems it shows the ‘end of the earth' , ‘returning to earth' , and ‘a new bit of earth'. In poem 1 the craft is called Esau because it insinuates that mankind threw away it's inheritance. They say in the text the name Esau was scratched on the door which portrays a sense of immediate danger or emergency which forced them to leave. ‘Incongruous' is used in the text and means something does not fit the pattern and so while the travellers are ‘joking nervously' it doesn't feel quite right somehow. We know the travellers are on their first journey of this kind because they were joking nervously as if they were just trying to ignore the fact they were travelling into the unknown. I don't think they are coming back because the reason they are nervous is that they know that if everything goes wrong then they don't have a safe-house to return to. The poet uses the word ‘still' twice in succession to emphasise it (the stillness) , a new ocean portrays a new task or challenge waiting to be mapped out. They say â€Å"it seemed natural to look for a horizon† because the word ‘natural' because it suggests that they're going purely on instinct while if it were normal then it would be a tried and tested method of tracking position. The ‘charted coastlines' mentioned in the poem suggest an unstarted map , a blindly followed path in search for a new home. â€Å"Our late guesthouse† suggests it's not the last part of the story , it isn't the end as if there's more to come or they are part of a much deeper plot. This poem has no poem but has simple language however the reader is compelled to continue reading just in case they miss something important that's about to happen. The second poem we have studied that is written by Sheena Pugh is called ‘Do you think we'll ever get to see earth sir? ‘. It is about a cynical earth survivor getting quite emotive about the concept of savouring lost memories or in this case , earth. The poem is written as a brief lecture to a student , which almost instructs the student about what to do if he sees even the smallest image of the past. The writer makes us think about the future by making us think about how we will be remembered by our descendants. While reading you can't help but think about what fate could lead to the evacuation of earth , the thing that hangs in my mind is the concept of a nuclear war , the reason this ties in with the poem is that we hear the teacher say â€Å"they're still toxic† †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ nuclear war could potentially do this. This poem has a person telling it with a very sharp , sarcastic tone in their voice , this gives the impression that this person just wants the chance to forget. This poem makes me feel insecure because the best thing about earth is the sense of security you get when say†¦ at home in your room because in a way nothing can touch you there. The other thing about this poem is that it has no verses as if all the points that are made are inter-twined and need not be separated. The word ‘look' is used very often as if to say be a part of it not just stare and gaze upon it. She says things like â€Å"see it with your skin† etc which I think means that you should see it with all your senses and not just sight. If I had to pick one , my favourite word would be ‘damascening' because it sounds like a very rigorous describing word. The third poem we have studied is called ‘Geography 1' and the person in the poem is describing the birth of a new part of earth , the island of Surtsey. Surtsey was a small island that was formed by a volcanic eruption , Surtsey was said to be important because it was like seeing the earth being born again. I think Surtsey was used as a lesson to the pupils because it shows a fresh start which can lead on to better times. Throughout the poem I believe Sheena is trying to say that novelties do eventually turn old and unimportant. The mood of this poem is of a non-caring , ignorant – to – the past mood for example when he says â€Å"fancy that , but I hadn't time to look properly†. Throughout the poem Pugh makes us feel gripped and embraced until the ironic ending. The language does encourage this mood with powerful describing phrases ie â€Å"flood of colours†. I think this poem is written in verses to separate the different points the poet is trying to convey , for example in the 4th paragraph they show the novelty of Surtsey by saying â€Å"Surtsey was important† but the 5th paragraph contradicts this by saying that it was forgotten, â€Å"even the birds nested in a few years†. Christie is supposed to be teaching a Geography lesson in the poem. I quite like the phrase â€Å"with angry energy , it wanted to shout† because while reading it you do get a rush of energy. I do not like the phrase â€Å"Surtsey was important because it was like seeing the earth being born again† because I feel this point is obvious and has already been made. I do like the poem however because it has powerful phrases and has a point (volcanic eruption), which can be easily pictured because unlike the other two poems it is a concept that man can currently experience. I definitely prefer this poem as it has good describing phrases and high octane adjectives. The first poem made me feel quite tense because you had to imagine being on a ship seeing your life fade into the distance , poem two made me feel quite cynical as the fact it's a personal poem makes it easier to fal into the very plot of the character Christie and so you do see the point he is making. The third poem ‘Geography 1'gave you a feeling of having too much energy followed by too little because it's a transition from â€Å"that flood of colours† to â€Å"just an offshore island†. I did prefer the third poem because as I said before it has a conceivable concept. These three poems do show ‘the end of earth', ‘returning to earth', ‘and a new bit of earth', this shows devolution but in a way evolution because a new bit of earth implies a new, fresh start.

How to Make a DNA Model Using Candy

How to Make a DNA Model Using Candy Making DNA models can be informative, fun, and in this case tasty. Here you will learn how to construct a DNA model using candy. But first, what is DNA? DNA, like RNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic information for the reproduction of life.  DNA is coiled into chromosomes and tightly packed in the nucleus of our cells. Its shape is that of a double helix and its appearance is somewhat of a twisted ladder or spiral staircase. DNA is composed of nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, guanine and thymine), a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), and a phosphate molecule. The deoxyribose and phosphate molecules form the sides of the ladder, while the nitrogenous bases form the steps. What You Need: You can make this candy DNA model with just a few simple ingredients. Red and black licorice sticksColored marshmallows or gummy bearsToothpicksNeedleStringScissors Heres How: Gather together red and black licorice sticks, colored marshmallows or gummy bears, toothpicks, needle, string, and scissors.Assign names to the colored marshmallows or gummie bears to represent nucleotide bases. There should be four different colors each representing either adenine, cytosine, guanine or thymine.Assign names to the colored licorice pieces with one color representing the pentose sugar molecule and the other representing the phosphate molecule.Use the scissors to cut the licorice into 1 inch pieces.Using the needle, string half of the licorice pieces together lengthwise alternating between the black and red pieces.Repeat the procedure for the remaining licorice pieces to create a total of two stands of equal length.Connect two different colored marshmallows or gummy bears together using the toothpicks.Connect the toothpicks with the candy to either the red licorice segments only or the black licorice segments only, so that the candy pieces are between the two strands.H olding the ends of the licorice sticks, twist the structure slightly. Tips: When connecting the base pairs be sure to connect the ones that pair naturally in DNA. For example, adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine.When connecting the candy base pairs to the licorice, the base pairs should be connected to the licorice pieces that represent the pentose sugar molecules. More Fun With DNA The great thing about making DNA models is that you can use almost any type of material. This includes candy, paper, and even jewelry. You might also be interested in learning how to extract DNA from organic sources. In How to Extract DNA From a Banana, you will discover the four basic steps of DNA extraction. DNA Processes DNA replication - DNA unwinds in order that copies can be made for mitosis and meiosis. DNA transcription - DNA is transcribed into an RNA message for protein synthesis. DNA translation - The transcribed RNA message is translated to produce proteins. DNA Mutations - Changes in DNA sequences are known as mutations. Mutations can impact specific genes or entire chromosomes.

Steam Engine 2 essays

Steam Engine 2 essays The steam engine was invented by Thomas Newcomen in 17121. It was a very important invention and helped give way to the Industrial Revolution. It was very useful invention of his time. Many people like James Watt and Richard Trevithick used the atmospheric steam engine to produce more sophisticated inventions. Thomas Newcomen was a very important inventor. He was born in 1663 in Britain. He worked as a blacksmith until he worked with Thomas Savery, who had already tried to make a steam engine but couldnt do it. Thomas Newcomen invented the first working steam engine in 1712 with the help of Savery. At first the steam engine wasn't very popular, later the steam engine was considered the centurys most important invention when used in mines. Thomas Newcomen also made tools for coal miners and often visited mines, this is how he knew the needs of miners2. The first steam engine was used to work at a South Stafforshire colliery3. Most of the early engines produced the steam by using coal. This is why steam engines were installed in coal mines where coal was free. Even though Thomas Newcomen actual invented the first steam engine, James Watt is usually known for making it4. Watts engine was much more efficient than Newcomens because it prevented the loss of steam. Watt started out repairing Newcomens engines, and then began making major improvements to it. James Watts engines were much larger than Newcomens with a larger cylinder which pumped more water out of mines5. His engines were designed with a rotating shaft and a flywheel which was more sufficient. Later he further improved his engines by adding another condenser and cylinders. He also added throttle controls on his engine to control the rate that the engine pumped water. Without Watt's study in the field of mechanics, the steam engine might not have been made, and the industrial...

Plexiform neurofibromatosis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Plexiform neurofibromatosis - Essay Example Neurocutaneous disorders are diseases that involve nervous system, skin, and retina and other ectodermal tissues. They are congenital. Migration of neural cells to brain and melanoblasts to the skin from the neural crest occurs between 3 to 6 months of intrauterine life. A disturbance of this migration results in neurocutaneous syndromes involving ectodermal and neuroectodermal elements (Panda 526). Neurofibromatosis is an autosomal dominant neurogenetic disorder. It can present with spectrum of symptomatology, it affects bone, nervous system, soft tissue and the skin. There are two varieties of neurofibromatosis, NF-1, popularly known as peripheral neurofibromatosis and NF-2, also known as central neurofibromatosis. A third variant is known as segmental neurofibromatosis. However, NF-1 has often central features. Here, the discussion will be limited to NF-1 which can present as plexiform neurofibromatosis.Increased nerve growth stimulating activity is incriminated for the development of neurofibromatosis. The disease has a genetic basis. NF-1 is linked to a large gene on band 17q 11.2. It encodes a protein termed neurofibromin.The protein has been found essential for the negative regulation of Ras, suggesting that neurofibromin acts as a tumor suppressor. Truncations in neurofibromin led to the mutations in most of the NF-1 cases. NF-1 is a disorder with variable phenotypic expression. Some patients may have only cutaneous expression, while others may have life threatening and disfiguring complications. These variations are demonstrated even with in the families. The disease also tends to change and develop with time. Many different mutations with in neurofibromatosis gene have been described. Spontaneous Manimunda mutations are thought to contribute to approximately 30-50% of neurofibromatosis cases. The world wide prevalence of this disease is 1 in 2500 to 3300 live births. All race groups are equally affected and there is no sexual preponderance (Kam and Helm). Most patients with neurofibromatosis present with caf au lait macules during first three years of life. Neurofibromas develop during late adolescence. Few may present with complications like pain caused by neurofibromas, pathological fractures or hypertensive head ache caused by pheochromocytoma. Physical examination may reveal the involvement of different organs and systems. Caf au lait spots are unusual pigmentary patterns, irregularly shaped, evenly pigmented, brown macules. Most individuals with neurofibromatosis have 6 or more spots that are 1.5cm or greater in diameter. In young children, 5 or more caf au lait macules greater than 0.5 cm in diameter are suggestive of neurofibromatosis. 1 or 2 caf au lait macules are encountered even in healthy individuals. Lisch nodules are hamartomas of the iris that appears dome shaped. Slit lamp examination will reveal this and help in confirming the diagnosis of neurofibromatosis. Axillary freckling (as well as inguinal freckling) known as Crowe sign is a useful diagnostic feature in neurofibromatosis. They develop during puberty. Areas of freckling and hypertrichosis occasionally overlay plexiform neurofibromas. Bone involvement can include pseudoarthrosis of tibia, bowing of long bones and orbital defects. Occasionally pulsating exophthalmos is encountered. Neurofibromas are the most

Depression Amongst Transsexuals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Depression Amongst Transsexuals - Essay Example It has been reported that approximately 1 in 30,000 adult genetic males and 1 in 100,000 genetic females seek to change their sex ("Gender dysphoria", NHS direct). These persons suffer from a unique type of depression known as gender dysphoria wherein the mind of the affected persons assumes that he or she actually belongs to the sex opposite to that what has been assigned to him/her physically at the time of birth. The transsexual can be male -to-female or female-to-male. A transsexual may be heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual. This condition is different from transvestism wherein people get sexual or emotional pleasure from wearing the clothing of the opposite sex. The condition of gender dysphoria remains profoundly stigmatizing (Ghosh, 2006). The disorder affects an individuals self-image, and can impact the persons mannerisms, behavior and dress (â€Å"Mental health†, WebMD). Due to confusion about the individual sex, the person experiences anxiety and feelings and fear of rejection. These feelings often lead to chronic depression and even suicidal tendencies. Many of them attempt to undergo hormone and surgical treatment to physically change their sex. Most of them have impairment in social and occupational functioning. Also, many individuals with this condition become socially isolated. Isolation and ostracism contribute to low self esteem and may lead to school aversion or dropping out of school (â€Å"DSM IV†, Gender Identity Disorder). Boys with this condition show marked female mannerisms and speech patterns and are subjected to teasing which further makes them go in to depression (â€Å"DSM IV†, Gender Identity D isorder). Often, in many of them, the disturbance can be so pervasive that the individuals’ thoughts revolve only around those activities that lessen gender distress and they are often preoccupied with appearance, especially early in the transition to living in the opposite sex role (â€Å"DSM IV†, Gender Identity Disorder). Relationships

Law & modern corporation in international context - seen exam essay Qs

Law & modern corporation in international context - seen exam Qs - Essay Example Such individuals are permitted to bring action against their victimisation. This Act covers agency staff, contractors, trainees, homeworkers and workers. However, it does not cover partners and members of limited liability partnerships. The PIDA modified the ERA, which legally protected workers from detriment resulting from revealing information about crimes, legal obligation violations, dangers to health and safety, and miscarriage of justice. In this context, dismissal of an employee is deemed unfair dismissal and not detriment. Such protection does not require completion of a specific period of employment. The requirements are; to act in good faith, to be convinced that the allegation is true, and presence of reasonable grounds to believe in the veracity of the information disclosed. Moreover, this Act describes whistleblowing as the disclosure of information regarding previous, current or perceived misconduct that has to be addressed with respect to criminal offence, noncompliance with legal obligations, miscarriages of justice, danger to the health and safety of any person, harm to the environment, or attempts to conceal any of these. The confidentiality or gagging clauses, in employment contracts or severance agreements that conflict with the PIDA are void. PIDA protection can apply even to those governed by the Official Secrets Act. As such, disclosures are protected by the law, only if they are made to the appropriate entity and in the prescribed manner. The law protects an employee who makes a qualified disclosure to his employer in good faith, or via the authorised procedures of the employer. Moreover, the employee can complain to the person responsible for employee’s area or work. Moreover, Section 43G of the ERA permits workers to make protected disclosures under certain circumstances. Such protection is accorded if the workers act in good faith. They reasonably believe that

International Management Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management Competencies - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that cultural intelligence has become inevitable for global managers and employees that have to constantly interact with people from other countries and cultures. Cultural intelligence comprises of certain key competencies that allow effective interaction with people from other cultural backgrounds, such as knowledge about attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and values of different cultures; the ability to adapt and accept these differences and lead everyone effectively. A low score of cultural intelligence (CQ) based on self-assessment indicates the need for the development of cultural intelligence and cross-cultural leadership competencies in order to be an effective global manager. A leader’s role involves various functions such as leading, controlling, communicating, decision-making, negotiating, motivating etc. All of these functions require interaction with others. Therefore, it becomes necessary for leaders/managers to understand t he impact of culture on people’s behavior, attitudes, expectations etc in order to be effective in cross-cultural situations. Efforts to link theoretical learning with experiences while working as a team leader in the past will be made in addition to observations from other leaders/contexts, wherever relevant. Self-assessment of cultural intelligence had arrived at a score of 5, this meant low cultural intelligence. Understanding different cultures and possessing the ability to adapt to other cultures is important to thrive and perform in the globalized world. Low score of cultural intelligence corresponds with certain past experiences at work and outside work during certain interactions with people from different cultures. These interactions more often resulted in confusion, misunderstanding and also conflict. Learning related to various cultural dimensions, intercultural communication, and cultural attributes have been fruitful in assessing certain situations and experience s that had left undesirable memories and feelings in the form of confusion, low self-esteem, and underachievement. A self-analysis of cultural intelligence and self-reflection thereupon has helped in understanding these situations and experiences better. The self-analysis indicated a high motivational drive to learn about other cultures; however, low scores on the knowledge, understandings and behavioral aspects contributed to the low cultural intelligence score. Cross-cultural competencies for leadership include the abilities and attitudes to learn and accept other cultures’ values and belief systems; interpersonal skills; and the required technical expertise, which need to be acquired in order to become an effective leader in cross-cultural settings.

Essay to Howard University Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Essay to Howard University - Personal Statement Example In my opinion, medical laboratory science provides this opportunity to strike the best balance thus validating my eagerness to be a medical laboratory practitioner. I have served as a laboratory assistant where setting up the experiments is a core duty. The skills obtained have led to a vast knowledge in microscopic practices and experiments. Out of school, I engage in activities like drawing and hospital-based voluntary services. These activities motivate my interests and allow me to think in a broader perspective. They also expand my thoughts needed in a medical field leading for diversity in ideas. The community service helps me to interact with people thus improving my communication skills, which assists in modeling a trustworthy and reliable person. Both my school and out of school activities have had a gradual impact in the improvement of time management skills, which I believe is a fundamental requirement for medical laboratory science study. The personal desire to interact with other people to understand their ideas and experiences has originality from medical setup. My exposure to medical laboratory environment gives a fascinating advantage for career enhancement. Having spent some good time in a medical setting, I have had a chance to interact with various professionals in the medical laboratory. I am also an independent individual with precise, observant and good problem-solving skills, which serve as a booster for a successful career in the rapidly growing medical laboratory field of profession. I am informed of the excellent Howard University reputation through research and personal conversation with some of the alumni. This has concisely served in deepening my interest in the choice of your prestigious University for my career advancement. In addition to excellent university setup, the presence of the medical laboratory tools in Howard University will equip me with the best experimental practice to

Aggregate upply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aggregate upply - Essay Example The Aggregate supply is defined as the amount of goods and services rendered by the national economy during particular time period. According to Keynesian economic model, two different versions are related to it,The aggregate supply in the Keynesian cross diagram is represented by Z curve. If the desired total spending line 'bypasses the Z curve of aggregate supply' (Theory of Linear Economics), the intersection represents the level of production, spending and income.In some of the cases, the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves are represented by Marshallian supply and demand curve. The curve of aggregate supply is shown increasing in upward direction, with slope parallel to the vertical axis. The upward slope of the aggregate supply is time bounded, and such behavior is prominent only for small time interval. The upward slope of the aggregate supply is because 'aggregate production and price level are directly proportional to each other' (Theory of Linear Economics). The di rect relationship between the aggregate production and price level is because of,According to the neo classical economic model, the production can be increased if the prices of certain commodities are increased for wooing the profit oriented organizations. The reason behind increasing the production, and then subsequently increasing the prices is due to the diminished returns, and therefore the rise in marginal cost is forecasted because one or more production related factors remain stable in short run, and is considered to be at highest extreme, this is termed as fixed capital equipment.Taking into consideration the relationship between the income and production, during certain interval the income is fixed, and therefore the rising profit exemplify the expansion of output. However in case of the previous economic models, the income was subjected to vary with the economic conditions, and both the income and economic conditions share direct relationship. This theory is used to expres s the vertical behavior of the aggregate supply curve in long duration. Another model suggests that the economic behavior is dependent upon many non- uniformed and non- related input parameters. Those input parameters include both the labor and fixed capital accessory. However both the parameters can be unemployed, which has subsequent impact on the profit ratio. The positive slope of the AS curve is well explained with the reasons that, some input parameters are fixed priced on short term basis, and the production experiences resistance as it surges. When the demand of the production unit is lowered, the industrial units avoids optimized usage of their capital equipment, therefore keeping the average price level controlled, the production can be increased in case on minimized returns. Therefore 'flat AS curve is obtained' (Alternative Economic models of Transition). However if the demand factor surges, the production units have other unemployed input parameters, therefore the increase in demand and production increases the prices. Therefore AS curve is vertical. The practice of aggregate supply is normally implemented by the government for increasing the efficiency of production and over all national output. The government mainly applies the aggregate supply principle with the reforms in conformity of supply side policies. The government practices aggregate supply in different public institution including research and development, education and training, social welfare reforms, reforms associated with working class, minimizing the authority of trade union. AGGREGATE DEMAND The net demand of goods and services during particular time interval is termed Aggregate Demand. The individual curves sum up to give aggregate demand. The aggregate demand curve is the

International Management Competencies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Management Competencies - Essay Example This research will begin with the statement that cultural intelligence has become inevitable for global managers and employees that have to constantly interact with people from other countries and cultures. Cultural intelligence comprises of certain key competencies that allow effective interaction with people from other cultural backgrounds, such as knowledge about attitudes, behaviors, beliefs, and values of different cultures; the ability to adapt and accept these differences and lead everyone effectively. A low score of cultural intelligence (CQ) based on self-assessment indicates the need for the development of cultural intelligence and cross-cultural leadership competencies in order to be an effective global manager. A leader’s role involves various functions such as leading, controlling, communicating, decision-making, negotiating, motivating etc. All of these functions require interaction with others. Therefore, it becomes necessary for leaders/managers to understand t he impact of culture on people’s behavior, attitudes, expectations etc in order to be effective in cross-cultural situations. Efforts to link theoretical learning with experiences while working as a team leader in the past will be made in addition to observations from other leaders/contexts, wherever relevant. Self-assessment of cultural intelligence had arrived at a score of 5, this meant low cultural intelligence. Understanding different cultures and possessing the ability to adapt to other cultures is important to thrive and perform in the globalized world. Low score of cultural intelligence corresponds with certain past experiences at work and outside work during certain interactions with people from different cultures. These interactions more often resulted in confusion, misunderstanding and also conflict. Learning related to various cultural dimensions, intercultural communication, and cultural attributes have been fruitful in assessing certain situations and experience s that had left undesirable memories and feelings in the form of confusion, low self-esteem, and underachievement. A self-analysis of cultural intelligence and self-reflection thereupon has helped in understanding these situations and experiences better. The self-analysis indicated a high motivational drive to learn about other cultures; however, low scores on the knowledge, understandings and behavioral aspects contributed to the low cultural intelligence score. Cross-cultural competencies for leadership include the abilities and attitudes to learn and accept other cultures’ values and belief systems; interpersonal skills; and the required technical expertise, which need to be acquired in order to become an effective leader in cross-cultural settings.

Aggregate upply Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aggregate upply - Essay Example The Aggregate supply is defined as the amount of goods and services rendered by the national economy during particular time period. According to Keynesian economic model, two different versions are related to it,The aggregate supply in the Keynesian cross diagram is represented by Z curve. If the desired total spending line 'bypasses the Z curve of aggregate supply' (Theory of Linear Economics), the intersection represents the level of production, spending and income.In some of the cases, the aggregate supply and aggregate demand curves are represented by Marshallian supply and demand curve. The curve of aggregate supply is shown increasing in upward direction, with slope parallel to the vertical axis. The upward slope of the aggregate supply is time bounded, and such behavior is prominent only for small time interval. The upward slope of the aggregate supply is because 'aggregate production and price level are directly proportional to each other' (Theory of Linear Economics). The di rect relationship between the aggregate production and price level is because of,According to the neo classical economic model, the production can be increased if the prices of certain commodities are increased for wooing the profit oriented organizations. The reason behind increasing the production, and then subsequently increasing the prices is due to the diminished returns, and therefore the rise in marginal cost is forecasted because one or more production related factors remain stable in short run, and is considered to be at highest extreme, this is termed as fixed capital equipment.Taking into consideration the relationship between the income and production, during certain interval the income is fixed, and therefore the rising profit exemplify the expansion of output. However in case of the previous economic models, the income was subjected to vary with the economic conditions, and both the income and economic conditions share direct relationship. This theory is used to expres s the vertical behavior of the aggregate supply curve in long duration. Another model suggests that the economic behavior is dependent upon many non- uniformed and non- related input parameters. Those input parameters include both the labor and fixed capital accessory. However both the parameters can be unemployed, which has subsequent impact on the profit ratio. The positive slope of the AS curve is well explained with the reasons that, some input parameters are fixed priced on short term basis, and the production experiences resistance as it surges. When the demand of the production unit is lowered, the industrial units avoids optimized usage of their capital equipment, therefore keeping the average price level controlled, the production can be increased in case on minimized returns. Therefore 'flat AS curve is obtained' (Alternative Economic models of Transition). However if the demand factor surges, the production units have other unemployed input parameters, therefore the increase in demand and production increases the prices. Therefore AS curve is vertical. The practice of aggregate supply is normally implemented by the government for increasing the efficiency of production and over all national output. The government mainly applies the aggregate supply principle with the reforms in conformity of supply side policies. The government practices aggregate supply in different public institution including research and development, education and training, social welfare reforms, reforms associated with working class, minimizing the authority of trade union. AGGREGATE DEMAND The net demand of goods and services during particular time interval is termed Aggregate Demand. The individual curves sum up to give aggregate demand. The aggregate demand curve is the

George Orwell 1984 Essay Example for Free

George Orwell 1984 Essay In George Orwells 1984, Winston Smith and Julia live in Oceania, where their actions become a subversive force that the Party must control. Oceania, located in Europe, represents a totalitarian society in its purest form during the 1940s. Many aspects of Wilsons and Julias daily life in Oceania are monitored and controlled by the Party. From the telescreen to the thought police, every action is under constant surveillance. In order to rebel against Big Brother, Winston and Julia commit a series of crimes without knowing that OBrian, a member of the Inner Party, is watching them intently. OBrian then deceives Winston and Julia into believing that he is part of the revolutionary group called the Brotherhood. Winston and Julias betrayal becomes inevitable after their capture because of the psychological supremacy of OBrian and the Party. Winstons physical and mental torture and brainwashing by OBrian and the Ministry of Truth in the name of the Party is what ultimately leads to his psychological break down. Winstons rebellious character portrays him as a radical, who has the strength to defy the party and its principles. Winston and Julia secretly meet and it becomes apparent that she shares his rebellious ways. Learning that she has engaged in sexual acts with numerous Inner Party members, Winston finds hope. Winston and Julia, however, rebel against the Party for different reasons. Winston wants to end the harsh oppression of the party while Julias rebellious acts are more self-centered. Winston first demonstrates his hatred of the Party and Big Brother when he writes in his diary DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER. He knows at that very moment a camera might see the written words on the page. Winston continues to flirts with possible arrest by the Thought Police for a thought crime, which is any written or though of rebellion against the Party. Julias rebellious behavior is more to gratify herself, rather then the destruction of the party. Julia defies the party in search of personal pleasure. She is content with her life in Oceana because she does not consider a better life not under the oppression of the Party. Julia is interested in the present time with Winston, rather than in exposing the Inner Party secrets. Julia is more rational then Winston because she sets up secret gatherings in places where she knows they will be safe. At Winstons  and Julias first private meeting, Julias true colors begin to shine. Cautiously, Winston asks, Have you done this before? and Julia replies, Of course. Hundreds of times-well, scores of times, anyway replied Julia. Here Julia enlightens Winston about the corruption within the Party, which is music to his ears. Winston is pleased to hear that corruption exists within the Inner Party because the Party is supposed to have very strict rules and regulation that do not allow corruption wi thin. Winston knows that any anarchy that exists within the Party is a sign that corruption can take over and lead to the Partys defeat. Winston believes the Proles are the only group who can organize and revolt against the party. Winston considers the Proles, who are outside of the Outer Party and who live in the worst conditions as the main laborers in Oceania, as human beings, while he mentions, we are not human. At this point Winston has complete disregard for the Party even though any thought against the Partys ways means death. Winston reckons that hope for freedom lay only in the hands of the Proles and in turn, the Proles are the only source of revolt for Winston. Even though Winston and Julia start helping each other, they eventually commit crimes that lead to each others betrayal. Their subversive behavior comes to the attention of the Party and eventually leads to their capture. Winston and Julia arrange secret times to meet in the forest and in the upstairs bedroom of Mr. Charringtons shop. They do this even though they are well aware of the fact that the Party would vaporize citizens of Oceania who are considered threats and have their entire existence erased. After the capture of Winston and Julia, OBrian tortures Winston physically and psychologically to the point where there is no emotion left inside him, besides the love for Big Brother. But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother. There is no will to fight left within Winston. The only things that he held with importance were Julia and the idea that one day, the Brotherhood would thrive. OBrian breaks him down and takes away the one person he cherished. When he loses his feelings towards Julia, all of his will is lost and the only love he has is for Big Brother. OBrian does not want to simply torture Winston, but to psychologically force him to forget his past ways and accept Big Brother. Even though OBrian is able to successfully brainwash Winston and Julia into contradicting their prior beliefs, at first Julia still thinks that the Party can make you say anything-anything- but they cant make you believe it. They cant get inside you. Soon, however, she figures out that this is utterly wrong. Julia is ignorant as to how much power the Party holds. She believes that they could force you to say anything, but could never force you to feel or think a certain way. In reality, OBrian does indeed have the psycholog ical power to not only make one believe something, but to wish it as well. They cant get inside you, she had said. But they could get inside you. What happens to you here is forever, OBrian had said. Here Julia and Winston realize how wrong they are. OBrian uses the only thing in the world that can make Winston betray Julia. OBrian breaks Winston down with the torture and at this point he realizes he no longer feels the same way for Julia because he has betrayed her. At the time when it happens, she had said, you do mean it. He had meant it. He had not merely said it, he had wished it. Winston was no longer mentally capable to withstand OBrians force to change him. By means of torture OBrian physically and mentally forces the love of Big Brother upon Winston. OBrian accomplishes this goal by the torture in room 101. The room plays a significant role when Winston is locked up in the Ministry of Truth because a fellow prisoner tells him that he would do anything not to return to room 101. The room instills a sense of fear into Winston. OBrian cleverly sets Winston up so that the only way out of room 101 is to place someone else in his shoes. OBrian wants Wilson to betray Julia, and when faced with his greatest fears he breaks down and says, Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I dont care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me! Winston is put against the one thing in the world that he loves. OBrian believes that in time of fear one will do anything to get himself out of the situation. He wants Winston to give up Julia because he knows that she is  the one person that could raise Winstons s pirits. Once Winston betrays Julia, he can no longer confine in her and therefore ultimately forced to be alone. Winston has no choice but to confine in and seek the love of Big Brother. The subversive force the Party had to control was Julias sexuality and Winstons pursuit for the truth. They had to contain it before Winstons beliefs spread to the people of Oceana. The Thought police would observe the people and cameras on the streets, so that no one would consider opposing the Party. Thought crimes and face crimes were thoughts and facial jesters that showed the Inner Party that rebellion was within. The thought police would arrest residents of Oceana for even the thought of deviance towards the Party. Winston and Julia believed they were stronger then the Party and that they could outsmart it. Their love for each other turned to a love for Big Brother after the psychological breakdown by OBrian and the Party. OBrian took them to the point where nothing was tolerable, and the only option was to give up the person you love and put them in your shoes, so that you would not have to endure it. At this point, there was no longer a will to stay together and deceive the Party. Once Wilson had been brainwashed and betrayed Julia, he was no longer the same person. Under the spreading chestnut tree I sold you and you sold me emphasizes just how betrayal became the downfall of Winstons and Julias subversive force.

Analysis of Brazilian Health Care Context

Analysis of Brazilian Health Care Context Introduction More than over three decades of Alma Ata PHC declaration, the goal of health for all remain elusive in many countries of Sub – Saharan Africa and a wide gulf exist within and remain in countries such as South Africa. The 1978 Alma Ata declaration underlies the importance of PHC and informs the need for actions to be taken by governments so as to promote the health of the world population. The declaration expressly stated an overall philosophy, strategies for organizing and strengthening the health system, guided by the principles of equity, social justice and health as a right to all. South Africa like any other developing nation faces a wide variety of health-related challenges. The afflictions of waterborne illness and nutritional deficiency are some of the challenges affecting low income communities in the country. Vaccine-preventable diseases impact negatively on the lives of millions of people as well as infectious diseases such as tuberculosis and HIV and AIDS. Thus, it is imperative that in order to improve the health outcomes of a country such as South Africa, social determinants of health should be improved coupled with the standard of living. The health system facing developing countries are not only great, the capacity and the wherewithal to address those challenges are lacking and not readily available in most cases. Efforts should be geared towards strengthening the health systems through the provision of adequate resources that should include both human and financial resources. In reality, resources would never be enough to strengthen the health systems, but there is a need to maximize the available resources to bolster the health systems so as to make them operate more efficiently. The only way to ensure that health systems work efficiently is to have a reliable data on its performance. In this way, interventions could be devised and executed based on the results of the data. It is pertinent to say that the data provided should be timely and accurate so that intervention provided could be measured. Since the advent of democracy in South Africa, efforts have been made to improve and strengthen district health system and primary health care. These efforts include structural and policy changes, removing access barriers through the delivery of free primary health care, the enactment of national health act and execution of priority health programmes. It is pertinent to say that these interventions have made access and care available to the majority of South Africans, the early giant stride have been compromised by South Africa’s burden of disease, lack of management skill, low morale among staff of the health department, and structural defect between policy intentions and outcomes. The commitment to overhaul the health system made the health minister undertook a visit to Brazil in 2010 with the intention to improve primary health care services. The aim is to address the South Africa’s disease burden, improve health outcome, access and affordability while ensuring responsiveness to the needs of the population. In the light of the visit made to Brazil, a comparative assessment of the health system in Brazil and South Africa will be conducted. The Brazilian Context In Brazil, health is a constitutional right and responsibility of the state. After the so called â€Å"Big Bang† legislative reform of the new Federal constitution in 1988, the National Health System and the Family health programme were implemented incrementally over the next 20 years (Pan American Health Organization; Health systems and services Profile Brazil. Brasà ­lia, D. F., Brazil: Pan American Health organization, February 2008). The Brazilian national health system (Sistema Unico de Saude or SUS) is organized on the principles of universal access, comprehensiveness, decentralization, hierarchization, and community participation. This encompasses public health in general and health care delivery services to individuals. To execute the lofty programme of the SUS, the Family Health Programme (Programa Saude da Familia, PSF) was created in 1994 and become the national strategy in 2006. The PSF follows a community concept while laying emphasis on the establishment of a close relationship between the health care providers and the community. It serves as a common portal of entry for all primary health programmes and is formed on the beliefs that will ensure continuity, total care and coordination of the health care services. Considerable improvement has been seen in Brazil’s public health in the past decade. These improvement are particularly noticeable in maternal and child health. There is also increase in life expectancy while infant and mortality rates are on the decline. There seems to a pointer that al health millennium development goals will be achieved. It is worth saying that effective steps have been taken to address poverty while improving social determinants of health in once the most u nequal country in the world. A brief description of the Brazilian health care context A health care reform aiming at achieving equity represented an extraordinary challenge for a country the size of Brazil, with a population of more than 180 million and significant social, economic, cultural, and environmental diversity. The federal constitution of 1988 was enacted after years of militarism. It defined three pillars of health care reform; health as a broad concept that goes beyond the absence of disease; health care as a right of citizens and a duty of the state; and the establishement of the National Health system, the SUS. (Paim JS, Health care reform in Brazil, contribution for comprehension and criticisms. Salvador, Rio de Janeiro. Brazil: Edufba/Editoria FIOCRUZ, 2008). In Brazil, while public health is provided exclusively by the public sub-sector, individual care is provided by a public-private mix. The public sub-sector has two segments: the SUS for the whole population and another segment whose access is restricted to public employees (civilian and military), and is financed by public resources and contributions from beneficiaries. Principles and development of the National Health System in Brazil In the last 20 years the Brazilian health care system has achieved outcomes in realizing its principles. At a glance, universal access and decentralization have been identified as the most implemented principles. Community [articipation has brought about important results. However, the expected social accountability of the health system remains doubtful. Hierarchization, in a nutshell regionalization and coordination among services, has been reinforced since early 2000 and emphasized by the present government. In terms of the universal access the public system offers health care services on a massive scale. In 2006, it provided nearly 2.3 billion outpatients procedures, 300 million medical consultations and 12 million hospitalizations. (Pan American Health Organization. Health systems and Services Profile Brazil. Brazilia, D.F, February 2008). The growth of a national primary care strategy, the Family Health Programme has demonstrated good outcomes in improving access expecially for the poor. (Rocha R, Soares R. Evaluating the impact of community Based Health interventions: evidence from Brazil’s Family Health Programme. Bonn, Germany: Institute for the study of Labour (IZA), April 2009. For instance, the last national household survey, done in 2008, showed that among an expected 57.6 million households, 27.5 million declared they were enrolled in the Family Health programme. (2008 National Household Survey: An overview of Health in Brazil. Access and utilization of services; population health status; risk factors and health protection) Rio de Janeiro2010). The development of PHC delivery model The Family Health programme was initially proposed as an addition to the community health workers programme that had been running in some states of Brazil. The FHP was first officially implemented in 1994 and was based on municipal experiences in experimenting with alternatives to traditional basic care. The establishment of the teams has been the responsibility of the municipalities. However, when the programme begun municipalities as providers received financial resources from the federal government for the maintenance of the team based on a fee for service compensation model. In 2006 the programme received an important upgrade. The National policy of primary care (PNAB) was published by the ministry of Health, amplifying the PHC concept and scope. (Ministry of Health B. National Primary Care Policy. In: care DoP.Vol. 4 ed. Brasilia, DF, 2007). The family health units (FHU) are under the responsibility of the municipalities. In order to ensre access the PNAB recommends that one family health units with three or four Family Health Teams (FHT) be responsible for PHC provision for a maximum of 12,000 inhabitants of the territory for which it has responsibity. However, in a high population density urban areas, this is not always a reality. For rural areas with low density, this number is smaller because teams are distributed in order to facilitate access for dispersed populations. Each FHU must be located within its territory or responsibility.(Ministry of Health B. National Primary Care Policy. In: care DoP. Vol. 4 ed. Brazilia, DF, 2007). All the team members in the programme are required to work full time, but this is not a reality throughout the whole country. According to Barbosa, (2009) only 62% of doctors and 82% of nurses confirmed the work full time nationally. These professionals often work in other settings of the public health care system as well, or sometimes in private practice. Additional profesionals may integrate with these teams according to the health needs of the local population and the decision of the municipal manager in agreement with the municipal council. In 2007 the federal heath ministry began financing a support group of 5 professionals for every 8 to 10 family health teams including psychologists, social workers, physiotherapist, speech therapist, paediatrician, gynaecologists, homeopathic doctors, psychiatrists, acupuncturists, and physical educators. (more health; a right for all 2008 – 2011. Brazilia; DF Brazil, 2008). The municipal government has to find a better match for the local level needs according to the availability of profesionals Outcomes and Impact of the Family Health Programme in Brazil The oucomes and the impact of any programme can be evaluated in several dimensions. The Brazilian health sysystem could be analysed based on starfield’s proposed dimensions: access and first contact, ensuring the principle of of universal care of the system; innovation in the health care provision, ensuring the comprehensiveness and longitudinal of care; and the promotion of equity in health indicators. The expansion of the programme has been remarkable in terms of meeting the ministry health’s goals. In December 2009, the programme got to 30328 teams and 234 767 community health workers covering over 100 million inhabitants in 5349 municipalities in all region of the country. (Ministry of Health B. Department of Primary Care Website Brazilia2012). It is worth saying that one of the key components of the Brazilian heal system is public support. Studies conducted in different part of the country comparing traditional basic units and Familiy health units shows higher user satisfaction with family health units.(Macinko J, Almeida C, de Sa PK. A rapid assessment methodology for the evaluation of primary care organization and performance in Brazil Health Policy Plan 2007). The coverage extension has moved closer to ensuring universal access to the health system as mandated by the Brazilian constitution. The changes to the teams’ work practices have enhanced comprehensiveness by putting together primary care, public health and health promotion activities. (Peres EM, Andrade AM, Dal Poz MR, Grande NR. The practice of physicians and nurses in the Brazilian Family Health Programme: Hum Resou Health 2006;4:25). Studies evaluating the family health programme using the infant mortality rate, with ecological designs have shown positive effects on reduction of infant mortality rate. (Aquino R, de Oliveira NF, Barreto ML. impact of the family health programme on infant mortality in Brazilian municipalities; AM J Public Health 2009 ;99(1):87-93). Even though the results are very promising at the national level, there are significant discrepancies between provinces and municipalities. These may suggest the need to better understand the keey components of the programme that are responsible for the results. Comparative assessment with the South African System South Africa health system has evolved over the past decade. From a 5 year planning frameworks since 1994 to consolidation of the health system while making substansive inputs to resolving the human resource issues. Although, capacity building programmes for managers were initiated, the bulk of the health professionals other than nurses works in the private sector. This is slightly different from the brazillian context in which majority of health care practitioners are fully involved in the Family health programme. Primary health care system has always been the focal point of the health system in South Africa over the past decade. A lot of efforts has gone into implementing the programmes in all the pronvinces of the country. Racial and gender bias had been largely eliminated coupled with the provision infrastructues to deal with the burden of the South African disease.Unlike the Brazilian model, sufficient attention has not been paid to its implementation. This includes provision of holistic comprehensive health care services to the communities, emphasizing disease prevention, health promotion and community participation. The Brazilian health programme had been population focussed unlike the South African model. Services has not been taken to the people. Adequate attention has not been given to health measurement outcomes. In other words there has been no basis for improvements coupled with the outbreak of HIV epidemic in the Sub-Saharan Africa. The district health sysystem has been the focal point through which Primary health care is delivered in South Africa. It comprises of the district hospital, community health centre and clinics with each of those set up having its own target population. The ideal scenario is for each clinic to have its own PHC team the will render services to both the clinic and the community. Faclities should be supported by specialist support teams to cater for the needs of the population. As part of delivering health care, it has been recommended that the district health management team purchse the services of some private health providers where these services are not available to the public sector. It is a known fact that there has been success stories of the primary health care system. Brazil has been a success story. There has been dramatic improvement in the health oucomes of Brazil compare to that of South Africa. There is a poor health indicators outcomes in the South African health system compared to the resources been invested. This may be due to the overwhelming impact of HIV and AIDS. Brazil health care system in a three tieir federation comprising of the federal government, state and municipalities. The unified health system is founded on the principles that health is a right and state duty. It is founded on the basis of universal coverage, care and equity which allows most of the population to be covered. The Brazilian health system in not all smooth sailing. Issues such as high cost, scarcity or resources heve bedevilled the system. (Celia R. P. and Ana C. P. G., Human resources for health and decentralization policy in the Brazilian health system, Human Resources for Health, 9(12) (2011). While South Africa is one of the most developed economies in Africa, its primary health care programme has followed a traditional approach from top to bottom. Unlike Brazil, there are two policies implementation by PHC. There is universal access to health by all South Africans and provision of free health care for pregnant women and children. There are gaps in the implementation of the South Africa Primary health care programme. This gap include migration of health care professionals, lack of resources, the skewed distribution of personnel in public and private sector, lack skill and low morale among staffs coupled with the absence of managerial expertize. (Heunis J. C., Van Rensburg H. C. and Claasens D. L., Assessment of the implementation of the implementation of the primary health care package at selected sites in South Africa. CurationSIS, 29, 37-46 (2006). In most rural areas of South Africa, health system are not readily availavailable and where it is available, it is purchased at high exhorbitant cost. (De Jager J. and Du Plooy T., Service quality assurance and tangibility for public health care in South Africa, Acta Commercii, 7, 96-117, (2007). One of the challenges facing South Africa health system includes lack of financial resources, dedication of staff implementing the programme, lack of material commitment, How to change management practices, community participation and munltisectoral collaboration. In view of this, there is a need for health system re-engineering

Latin jazz orchestra Essay -- essays research papers

If I were to use one word to describe the â€Å"Afro-Latin Jazz Orchestra† that word would be astonishing. At first, hearing that I was required to attend a Jazz concert I was completely turned off. I am very closed minded and automatically thought to myself that the kind of music would be dreadful. That is not the case anymore. This genre of music is amusing and very pleasing to the ears. The band members are some of the most talented musicians that I ever saw or heard.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standing room tickets were sold out when we arrived at Mc Carter Theater. For ten dollars we purchased box seats right near the stage. My friend Kevin and I were thrilled with our seats which allowed the beat view of the whole stage. The theater it self was beautiful. The stage was set up well with nice a nice lighting. The entire band consisted of eighteen musicians. There were seventeen males and one female. In the front of the stage was the pianist and director Arturo O’ Farril. Also in the front was the musician on bongos. To the left of the stage was the saxophone players and to the right the trombone players. In the rear were the trumpet players with the musician on bass in front of them as well as the drummer. I believe this setup allowed for their superb sound. Over all our seats were incredible and made the performance much more enjoyable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Between songs the pianist and director Arturo O’ Farril would give a short introduction and history behind ...

Occupational Safety and Health Act Essay -- essays research papers

Introduction Workplace safety is a commonly used phrase that many do not consider until an accident occurs within the workplace. Throughout the U.S., workplace injuries occur on a daily basis. This has been an issue in the workforce for many years and is still an ongoing issue. Are there laws that protect employees from an unsafe work environment; what is the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA); and how did the labor unions affect the law? In this paper these following questions will be addressed, as well as the background and driving force of OSHA. Definition of the OSHA Law According to the OSHA website, www.osha.gov , retrieved August 27, 2004, it states â€Å"OSHA's mission is to assure the safety and health of America's workers by setting and enforcing standards; providing training, outreach, and education; establishing partnerships; and encouraging continual improvement in workplace safety and health†. In addition, as of the enactment of the Occupational Safety and Health Act in 1970, each employer shall furnish his employees a place of employment free from recognized hazards that cause and/or are likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees; before the enactment employers were only bound by common law to provide a safe work environment for its employees. OSHA also enforces that employees are not exempt and shall comply with occupational safety and health standards under this Act. Employee conduct, must comply with the OSHA rules and regulations and orders which are applicable to their own action and conduct (Bennett-Alexander-Hartman: Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition, p 690 p. 2-3). Background and Driving Force   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Getting started, the impetus to OSHA was to develop a new safety and or health standard in the workforce. Congress collected information indicating the status quo in the working environment included unacceptable hazards in the workplace. The OSHA act was passed through congress based on a series of information collected through sources such as the Department of Health and Human Services' (DHHS); National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH); Environmental Protection Agency's Toxic Substances Control Act (TOSCA) referral; public petitions; or requests from OSHA advisory committees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Empowered with the knowledge of existing workplace hazards a... ...ed to workplace safety and are very personally involved, watching legislative decisions, protesting presidential nominees and lobbying. Conclusion While workplace safety and health standards have improved due to OSHA, the mission of the Act is still being carried out for America’s workers. Both employers and employees are responsible to be in compliance with the Act’s rules and regulations. References University of Phoenix. (Ed.). 2004. Employment Law [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Resource]. Bennett-Alexander-Hartman: Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition. Retrieved August 27, 2004, from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/434-Employment Law Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/ resource/resource.asp OSHA Home Page August 27, 2004. http://www.osha.gov Retrieved from http://www.osha.gov/as/opa/oshafacts.html on Monday, August 30 University of Phoenix. (Ed.). 2004. Employment Law [University of Phoenix Custom Edition e-Resource]. Bennett-Alexander-Hartman: Employment Law for Business, Fourth Edition. Retrieved August 32, 2004, from University of Phoenix, Resource, MGT/434-Employment Law Web site: https://mycampus.phoenix.edu/secure/ resource/resource.asp

Is Summer Reading Really Necessary? Essay

Towards the end of the School year many students begin to look forward to their 3 month Summer vacation. It’s the time where they can hang out with friends, laugh and catch up with some sleep. One thing students don’t look forward to is an 8 letter word that makes them sough, homework. The Summer Reading in Port Richmond High School requires students to read 2 books and create a journal for each one. Some students believe Summer Reading is necessary while others don’t. School Librarian, Mrs. Makler said â€Å"I believe [Summer Reading] is important [because it will] keep the students mind engaged during the Summer. †   While one student who chose to remain anonymous said â€Å"It’s completely unnecessary, that’s why we have school, it’s my summer vacation, it’s time to relax and vacate. Not time to do homework. † When students were asked if they did their Summer Reading some answers were very surprising while others seemed reasonable. â€Å"[I did my homework] because I had no choice and wouldn’t be able to pass the test when they give it in the beginning of the school year† said Aida Sproul from the Leader Ship house. Aisha E. Carson, a Gateway senior also replied saying â€Å"No, I had a summer job and I was more focused on that [and less] on books that were uninteresting. †Ã‚  There were few students who simply said they â€Å"had no money†. However when reminded that the libraries were open every day and money wasn’t a problem. One student replied â€Å"If I have no money for a book, what makes you think I have money for a metro card† while another replied â€Å"I was too lazy some days and too busy on the days I wasn’t†Whether financial or not there were other excuse to why students didn’t read their books. I only read a part of the book because it didn’t interest me at all. I read the first few pages and closed the book† said a Gateway senior. Another student mentioned how they disliked the Summer Reading because they wanted to read a book that they wanted to. Quadry Bellow and Aisha Carson seem to agree with a similar concept that the gateway senior has. What if students chose the books that they wanted to read? Will more students do their reading or will the statistics remain the same it is now? Quadry Bellow believes â€Å"If [students] picked their own books they would actually read it. It would make it fun† and that he believed â€Å"education and fun go great together. † Aisha E. Carson also agrees by saying â€Å"Yes, students will probably read their books but it can’t be anything immature or stupid. A student from the TV and Media arts department seems to disagree with both their opinions. She believes â€Å"If student’s picked their own books then that’s about 30 to 50 different books that are being read in each English class. How will teachers possibly give out their tests? The kids who chose to not do [their summer reading] obviously don’t care about their grades. If they don’t want to read the book, they should at least go to Sparknotes or Cliffnotes and make some type of effort toward their grade. †    Now while some students may not want to hear it Summer Reading is indeed necessary and very important. Like the students said before, when you do your Summer Reading it will start you off with a great grade in your English class and increase your reading abilities. Based on a three year study at the Dominican University graduate school of Library and Information studies, students who took part in their Summer Reading program improved their reading skills. Also a New York University sociology professor, who spent two years following 3,000 sixth and seventh graders in Atlanta Public Schools, found that children who read at least six books during the summer maintained or improved their reading skills opposed to students who didn’t do any. She also found that students who spent time reading were able to increase vocabulary test scores. Now you may not be 6th or 7th graders but the statistics still apply to you. According to the John Hopkins Center for Summer Learning, statistics show that students can lose up to 25 percent of their summer reading. The Learning center also mentions how â€Å"A conservative estimate of lost instructional time is approximately two months or roughly 22 percent of the school year†¦ It’s common for teachers to spend at least a month re-teaching material that students have forgotten over the summer. That month of re-teaching eliminates a month that could have been spent on teaching new information and skills. †   It’s also been said that students who read actively develop higher-order thinking skills, literary skills, life-long reading habits that continue to their adulthoods, and they engage in class discussions more often. Summer reading is very important and crucial. It would be wise to complete your summer reading so your grades can be the highest it can. Read a chapter a day and it will be over before you know it. | |